In Russian, all sentences on the presence of grammatical foundations are divided into simple and complex. Simple consists of one grammatical basis (traditionally subject and predicate), and complex - at least two.
In turn, complex proposals, depending on the availability of unions, are divided into union and non-union ones.
Union complex sentences, depending on the nature of the relationship between the simple sentences that make up them, are divided into composing and subordinate, or sentences with a coherent and subordinate connection.
In a complex sentence, relations between its parts are established that are equal in meaning: one simple one does not depend on the meaning of another or the third, etc. The connection between simple sentences as part of a complex is carried out within the meaning and through creative unions. In turn, composing unions are divided into 3 groups - connecting, opposing and dividing.
Opposing unions express comparative and opposing meanings - one simple sentence is compared in meaning with another simple sentence as a part of the complex or is opposed to it.
MTP with opposing unions are most often used in art and colloquial speech.
The unions include such unions as a, yes (in meaning it is equal to the union no), but, however, although, but, although not others. Each union has its own meaningful shades of meaning.
The opposing unions a, but express the significance of denying any phenomenon or event in one simple and affirming something in the second simple sentence, for example: Since then, not twelve, but nineteen years have passed. This sentence denies the meaning of the first part of the compound sentence and affirms what is said in the second part of the compound sentence. The union, but in some MTSPs, has an additional connotation of meaning - concessions or restrictions: His jokes were not distinguished by a special game of the mind, but they were sweet and funny in their own way. In this regard, the union is close in meaning to the union though: Through its gloomy, although sincere laughter, bitterness clearly sounded.
Opposing unions yes, but they have colloquial stylistic coloring. The general opposing meanings in them take on a hue of restriction. At first glance, the task seemed easy, but just did not want to be solved. The rain was frequent, but small. The Union, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of phenomena that are replaced when opposed: the House was small, but warm, bright, comfortable.
In some sentences, opposing unions are examples of so-called opposing-comparative meanings: this toy is large, and that one is small (juxtaposition of objects); in the morning the snow was deep, and in the evening it melted (comparisons of phenomena), Natasha shares toys, and Sveta is greedy (comparison of actions), etc.
The Union, in addition to the meaning of the opposition, acts as an amplifying particle, highlighting the first word in the second simple sentence, after which it is traditionally located: The first leaves have already appeared on the lilac, the old oak tree still has not opened any of its buds.
On the letter, opposing unions are marked with punctuation marks. Commas are placed in complex sentences with unions a, but, yes in the meaning of but: Since childhood, parents and all relatives had high hopes for Yegor, but nothing good came of it; My sister learned German at home; she took up the French language with interest at school; The coachman raced horses, but in a hurry in vain - an in-house hut had long been occupied by a passing officer and his friends.
In their composition, opposing unions can be both simple and compound: otherwise, not this, but not that. They are inherent mainly in colloquial speech, give it vivacity and emotionality. If we talk about shades of meaning, these unions are used in sentences in which the second part refers to the consequences of not fulfilling what is reported in the first sentence: Bunny, do not shout, otherwise hunters will hear us and shoot us!