A technical device is a product, mechanism, technical complex, assembly, etc., created by man in an artificial way to carry out any activities. The development of equipment and technologies makes it possible to work in the field of high-tech and intellectual production, gives an impetus to the further development of science, technology, and opens up horizons of opportunities.
The main types of devices
A technical device is a means for quickly and effectively achieving the goals of a production, humanitarian, medical, domestic and other processes. Today , technology is used everywhere, it is almost impossible to find the sphere of human activity, where devices are not used that greatly simplify all processes. Technical devices do not have a universal classification and are divided into main types according to their scope:
- Industrial.
- Household.
- Computational.
- Construction and installation.
- Road.
- Medical, etc.
Each technical device is a whole range of opportunities for an associated field of activity. For example, instruments and measuring instruments are used both in the industrial sector and in everyday life. A separate class is made up of devices designed for military operations, defense, and space.
History
Following Darwin's theory, the abstract monkey, who took the stick in his hands, evolved to the state of man. Today, this theory, although classical, is controversial. In this story, it is interesting that the stick was the first technical device with which the goals were achieved. The primitive man who appeared for effective hunting and defense used invented means - boomerangs, spears, stone axes, awls, etc.
The simplest devices made of stone and wood were replaced by bronze and iron products. Evolution complicated human intelligence, and the first means of transportation, agricultural technology, hydraulic structures and the simplest mechanisms began to appear - a wheel, a block, a lever, etc.
Technical breakthrough
The first industrial revolution took place in the 18th century and brought machines, devices, mechanisms, the development of which we see now. The invention of the steam engine allowed mass production to flow and led to the decline of the artisanal manufacturing method, significantly changing the social structure of society. The internal combustion engine created in the 19th century led to the creation and continuous improvement of all types of transport. A huge number of self-propelled mechanisms have developed, mastering the space.
New machines were created that greatly simplified the laying of roads, construction and mining works, and so on. The advent and use of electricity gave impetus to new types of technical devices - this is not only lighting, but also radio engineering, radio electronics, the dream of space exploration has ceased to be unrealistic. The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the introduction of automation of production processes, the first computer technology appeared, the first artificial satellite was launched into space.
According to experts, the next round of development of technical devices is associated with nanotechnology and biotechnology, promising research and first achievements in these areas were indicated at the end of the 20th century.
Indicators
A technical device is a series of qualities, characteristics that fit into a list of properties common to all types of equipment:
- Performance. Any device per unit of time produces products (processes information), transports, manufactures, etc. The higher the indicator without sacrificing quality, the more efficient the device.
- Reliability. It is determined by the ability to function efficiently and reliably throughout the entire operational period.
- Durability. It includes two concepts - physical and moral wear. Often the equipment is able to perform the specified functions, but its operation is economically disadvantageous, since it does not meet safety requirements, energy costs, etc. The appearance of new developments entails a replacement for an innovative technical device. New generation equipment often solves a wider range of tasks.
- Profitability. The ratio of material costs for maintenance, ensuring the operation of devices with the number of products manufactured (transportation, processing, etc.).
Improving each indicator is a task of technological progress and is called “modernization”. Over the past few decades, environmental safety indicators, ergonomic characteristics, and the aesthetic component of devices have become relevant. In addition to technical and utilitarian qualities, developers pay attention to ease of use (reduces injuries) and the pleasant appearance of the devices, some manufacturers focus exclusively on these areas of improvement. Many parameters of the used technical means are regulated by standards at the state level.
Documentation
A technical device is a set of qualities that allow it to be used in any field. Production and operation are determined by the rules and technological requirements described in the documentation that is supplied with each device.
The main documents included in the package:
- Passport products. It indicates the technical characteristics of the device, expressed in units of productivity, power consumption, etc. Often, the passport is supplemented by information about the condition of the equipment, repairs carried out, warranty period of service, etc.
- Manual. The document describes the principle of operation, scope, storage and operation rules, methods of disposal and transportation.
- Instructions for installation, start-up, regulation, running-in. The document is prepared for industrial devices with special operating conditions.
- Label. It is placed directly on the product if the necessary data for operation and start-up contain no more than five points and it makes no sense to draw up a passport.
Any technical device is an industrial unit of production. The documentation for it must comply with the standards prescribed in ESKD, ESPD or ESTD.
Hazardous technical devices
Dangerous types of devices are considered to be those in the process of which damage to human health (life) can be caused if safety precautions are not observed or those that are operated in a hazardous environment.
The main types:
- Devices and equipment operating under high pressure (over 0.07 MPa) or at high temperature (over 115 ° C).
- Facilities designed for lifting large loads (cranes, overhead roads, platforms, escalators, etc.).
- Devices and equipment for gas consumption systems (boilers, gas stoves, etc.).
- Technical devices and equipment for welding in hazardous industries.
- Explosion-proof electrical equipment (1.2 groups), mine electrical equipment.
- Devices, equipment, mechanisms of the oil and gas industrial complex (drilling rigs, stem lifts, production equipment, etc.).
- Mining and mining equipment, mineral processing equipment for all types of development and mining of minerals (mining equipment, mining equipment, blasting equipment, exploration equipment, etc.).
- Equipment for pipelines of the main type.
- Equipment of chemical enterprises of all directions (working in explosive atmospheres, using vacuum, cryogenic, grinding plants, etc.).
- Equipment and technical construction of metallurgical enterprises of all types.
- Furnace electrical equipment (arc, induction, melting, heating and other furnaces).
- Pipelines and their units, fittings of hazardous industries.
- Devices for monitoring the operation of machines and mechanisms, etc.
The special documentation regulates the safety procedures for the use of various devices, knowledge and observance of the rules guarantee the preservation of life and health for each employee, and often the entire enterprise. No wonder they say that every item of safety is written in blood.
Exploitation
For each type of activity, technology exists and is constantly being upgraded. The operation of technical devices is regulated by the rules prescribed in the manual for use. At each enterprise there is a service whose task is to monitor the implementation of safety regulations and the operation of all machines, mechanisms, devices.
According to international standards, the operation of each mechanism can be checked using measuring instruments. This makes it possible to control the work, troubleshoot, carry out the equipment setup and stop the work in case of breakdowns or threats of accidents.
Repair, maintenance and prevention
After setting up and starting up the equipment, the operating time comes, during this period, the gradual wear of the components, mechanisms, etc. takes place. After a period of use specified in the passport, the technical device requires prevention. Maintenance and repair are within the competence of the service of the enterprise where the equipment works, or in special points, when it comes to household appliances. Everyone is used to the fact that the car needs periodic maintenance; the same practice exists for any mechanism.
Preventive measures help to extend the life of the devices and their effective operation. The main equipment maintenance activities have a common algorithm:
- Checking the general condition of nodes, devices, the functional state of the device visually and using technical measuring tools.
- Checking the degree of damage, deterioration of parts of equipment and replacing with new ones if necessary.
- Testing and adjusting the operation of the device after repair and maintenance, start of work.
- If the device is morally, technically outdated, it is replaced with an advanced device.
- At the end of its useful life, the technical device must be dismantled and disposed of in accordance with the approved standards.