The Russian language is a set of rules that you need to not only know, but understand in order to write correctly and speak beautifully. "Communion" is one of the important topics, having acquired which, you can learn laconic, but expressive speech. A particular difficulty is the past participle. Although, if you approach the study thoughtfully, you can figure it out.
The difference between sentences with and without participles
Compare the sentences: one with the participle turnover, and the second one is complex with the subordinate clause. The first option is more concise, beautiful and poetic than the second.
With the sacrament | Without communion |
A look that has penetrated the soul. | A look that penetrates the soul. |
It is especially important to be able to replace clauses for copywriters when executing orders, where the accuracy of the “water content” of the texts is indicated, because introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions and conjunctive words are just included in the list of “water” expressions.
Communion as part of speech
It is difficult for many to understand the features of this part of speech. Children even write funny rhymes about this:
Infinite misfortune -
To study, persuade the sacrament!
I will suffer thoroughly,
Until I begin the passive
Distinguish from the actual.
What is even more painful?
From the school course it is known that the participle is not at all a simple form of a verb, because it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. From the verb, this part of speech has the form and time, and from the adjective - gender, number, case, full or short form. There is also a true past participle and a passive one. This function - the pledge - it also received from the verb.
Communion time
The past and present tenses are usually distinguished in participles. It is clear that in order to define this category one should understand the semantic peculiarity of the word, reflect on whether the action is taking place at the moment or has already been completed. To the question of what the past participle is, there is a definite answer: the meaning of the word indicates that the result is shown here, and not the process. Two options can be compared: “running boy” and “running boy”. In the first case, the present is used, because the child performs the action at the moment. In the second case, the child has already finished running and is standing in front of us. Therefore, the time of communion is past.
The valid key to the participles
How to distinguish the true past participle from the passive one? Yes, simple! First, you need to think about the meaning of the statement. Consider this with examples.
- "The boy playing in the sand on the seashore was extremely happy." The “player” is the real participle of the past tense, as he himself did.
- "In the dense grass, we hardly discerned the chattering grasshopper." The past participle in the active voice is also used in this example. After all, it is clear to everyone that this insect itself performed the described action - chirped.
- "The bear crawled out of the windbreak was wildly scared when it saw people." And here it is clear that the clubfoot owner of the forest himself acted. Therefore, the word “crawled out” is also a past participle of the real voice.
Passive past participle
The verb form considered by us can denote the action that someone else performs with the object. Then the past participle is passive. For a more complete understanding of this, consider the examples.
- "The dress worn by the girl was so close to her face that everyone around looked at the baby with a smile of emotion." From the context it is clear that the outfit itself can not do anything. So, “put on” is a passive communion, because the girl has an effect, because she put on a dress.
- "The dishes washed by Tanya sparkled with cleanliness." And here it is clear that someone before the described moment did a certain job - the plates themselves could not clean themselves of the remnants of food. Therefore, the word “washed” is a passive participle of the past tense.
What are the main conditions for the spelling of suffixes in participles in the present tense, to understand, it seems, is not difficult, you just need to remember which suffix refers to a certain conjugation.
Past participles
They are formed using the stem of the verb of any time and suffixes that help: loved - loved, wanted - wanted, dreamed - dreamed, feed - fed, carry - carried, climb - crawled out. These are examples of the formation of past participles of the active voice. The pledge is indicated by the fact that all actions are committed by the objects themselves. Other examples are suitable for the passive participles of the past tense: to desire - the desired, to lead - the slave, to laugh - ridiculed, to promise - the promised.
Suffixes of the past participle valid voice
This form is formed from the stem of the verb with the help of suffixes: -w-, -sh- . The appearance and transitivity in this case do not matter. The suffix used in the formation of the participle depends only on the end of the stem of the verb.
- If it ends in a vowel, then -vsh- is written. (Examples: draw - paint, build - build, watch - look.)
- If at the end of the base there is a consonant sound, then the suffix -sh- should be put. (Examples: carry - carried, carry - carried.)
- If the sacrament formed from the verb -t , the suffix -vt- will be written after that vowel, which was in the original verb form before -t . (For example: to wash - to wash, to laugh - to laugh, to hang - to hang.)
Table of formation of past participles of the active voice
Actual communion | The initial form of the verb | Transitivity | View |
gazed | to look | + | nesov. |
typed | print | + | nesov. |
brilliant | shine | - | nesov. |
washed | Rinse | + | owls |
drunk | drink | + | owls |
interrupted | abort | + | owls |
truant | skip | - | nesov. |
escaped | to run | - | nesov. |
Transition and definitions of the form of participles
To easily verify the transitive nature of the sacrament, one needs to ask a dependent noun from the verb that forms it. If the accusative case without an excuse is appropriate in this design, then this is a transitive verb. For example: watch (what?) A movie, print (what?) An abstract. In the design "run (where?) On the road" the question is "what?" doesn’t do, which means it’s an intransitive verb, and the participle will have the same category, respectively.
There should be no problems with the appearance of the problem: if the action in the process is an imperfect view, if it has already happened, it is perfect.
Passive past participles
They are formed from the transitive verb of the corresponding time. From the verbs of an imperfect type of participles, there is very little.
Suffix | What the verb ends with | Transitivity | From the verb ow. / Nesov. kind of | Examples |
-n - / - nn- | -at five to eat | + + + | nesov. nesov. owls | educated, shot |
en - / - enn | -it | + + | owls nesov. | littered, gifted |
-t- | -to, -to + monosyllabic verbs | + + | owls nesov. | chopped up |
According to the table, only one important question now arises: when suffixes of passive past participles are written with one “n”, and when with two? It is important to remember a few simple rules. One "n" will be in the participles of an imperfect form, if they:
- do not have a dependent word, prefix, suffix -ova- / -eva- : fried, boiled, smoked;
- brief participles: the partnership is formed, the wife is made up.
The two “ns” have the full passive past participles formed by perfect-form verbs with the presence of:
- dependent words: sturgeon fried in oil; peas cooked in broth;
- -ova suffixes - / - ova- (Examples include: 1. Spoiled mother child screaming in the store 2. Enchanted her charming eyes, the man immediately fell in love with a beautiful woman.).
Communion "spoiled" and "bewitched"
have the same syntactic function as adjectives, that is, in a sentence are most often definitions.
Past participles of a valid voice may also have a return suffix. For example: a hidden cockroach, loose sand, a laughed beauty, a frightened fly.
Exceptions to the General Rules
But there are always exceptions to the Russian language. Words such as “seek,” “love,” and “take,” are unable to form passive participles. Verbs ending in -sti have such a peculiarity: they can transform into passive participles of the past tense. For instance:
- Weave. (It’s so convenient to pick mushrooms in baskets woven by grandfather.)
- To steal. (For a long time we could not find the slippers stolen by the cat.)
- To gain. (The bone newly acquired by Sharik delighted him very much, because of which he joyfully wagged his tail.)
- To find. (When the teacher discovered the cribs, Vasya realized that he needed to come up with a better way to cheat, but the more he cheated, the more he had to know.)
Knowledge of the rules of the Russian language is not a guarantee that a person will be able to write and speak correctly. They need to be understood. And it is extremely important to develop the ability to use your knowledge in practice.