The genitive case is necessary in Russian for expressing different relations between the phenomena of the world: it can be the definition of an object through another object (a house made of wood); the action and its subject (rustle of leaves), the action and its object (building a house), the action and its place (walking around the house), the absence of an object (no wind).
Any case is determined by the matter.
What question does the genitive of a noun answer?
When it comes to nouns, it depends on the category of animation or inanimate. Genitive answers the question:
- whom? - animate noun
- why? - inanimate noun
whom? | why? |
without friends from girlfriend near mother out of a fly off horse at the camel near grandma beside the dog after the man for son | without pockets from the well near the house from wood from the roof at the gate near the entrance near the porch after class for work |
The table shows the nouns in the genitive case with prepositions. It is these prepositions that are used with this case of nouns.
Circumstances of the genitive case
It is not always convenient to put case questions. When a noun with a preposition in a sentence denotes time, image, place, purpose of an action, then the genitive case is used, the questions of which will be circumstantial:
- where from?
- Where?
- when?
- what for?
- as?
Determining the meaning of the genitive case
It is most convenient to classify values in the table:
Nouns in the genitive matter: |
action time | way of action | locales | reasons for action | goals of action |
When? | How? | Where? Where from? | From what? | What for? |
after lunch in the middle of the day until the evening | without sorrow without enthusiasm no light | by the road from the city near school from under the bush from the mountain | with a laugh with joy out of curiosity because of resentment | for business for work for study |
As can be seen from the table, the genitive case of nouns with prepositions has a wide range of use as a circumstance.
The biggest problem in studying the genitive
How to:
- among the Turks or among the Turks?
- two hundred grams of sausages or two hundred grams of sausages?
- kilogram of tangerine or tangerines?
- a pair of shoes or shoes?
If someone comes up with these questions , this is normal.
The biggest headache is the form of the genitive plural.
Of course, we can say: "We have no business, we do not know the cases." But there are circumstances when knowledge is power. For example, there is an exam in Russian.
This topic is the most difficult in the study of this case, since word forms form an uncountable set and it can be difficult not to get confused in them.
For ease of assimilation, you can divide the material into groups according to their genus.
Feminine Nouns in the Genitive Plural
These nouns usually have zero inflection. But the fact that before the end is determined by the initial form (unit h, im. P.)
It is worth recalling that the words in the nominative case answer the question of who? or what? The genitive answers the question of whom? or what?
- In them. n. –a with hissing. in front of her: barge - barges, theft - theft, puddle - puddle, ski - ski, cloud - cloud (without b).
- In them. n.a, not after hissing: waffle - waffle, shoe - shoe, blast furnace - domain, poker - poker, nanny - nanny, rod - rod, wedding - weddings, gossip - gossip, sheet - sheet, manor - homesteads.
- In them. case: lecture - lectures, army - armies, parody - parody, last name - last names, excursion - excursions.
- In them. n. - s or s: boat - boat, article - articles, size - size. But: songwriter, hopper, troublesome, naughty, witch, fritters.
- In them. n. - nya: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, bell tower - bell towers (here without a soft sign); village - villages, kitchen - kitchens, apple tree - apple trees (here with a soft sign).
- In them. n. - b: mother - mothers, daughter - daughters, notebook - notebooks, night - nights, area - squares, bed - beds, bone - bones, lashes - lashes, bed - beds, stove - stoves (end-s).
Nouns in sets. the number of the genus genitive
In such nouns, the form of the genitive case is also in most cases with a zero ending, but there are inflections –ev, –ov.
- In them. n. –o: window - windows, sieve - sieves, mirror - mirrors, ship - ship; village - village, oar - oar; apple - apples But: awl - awls, bottom - dons, face - faces (ending –ev, s).
- In them. n.-e: field - fields, saucer - saucers, towel - towels.
- In them. n-th,-th: nesting - nesting, conquest - conquests, food - foods, coast - coasts, drug - potions, land - lands. But: dress - dresses, estuary - mouths, lower reaches - lower reaches (end –ev).
- In them. n. -ye: rifles. But: copies, rabble.
The genitive case of masculine plural nouns and nouns that are used only in plural. h
Masculine words form a lot of genitive case forms that do not obey any rules. For convenience, you can classify them by endings and use the table for this:
genitive answers the question of whom? or what? |
zero | -her | ––, –– |
people |
no English, Bulgarians, Ossetians, Moldavians, Mohicans, Mordvinians, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, Turkmens, Slavs, Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, citizens, foremen, soldiers, partisans, gypsies, | no Latvians, uncles, inhabitants, kings, princes, kings, princes, youths, boys | there are no drivers, sons-in-law, Lithuanians, Estonians, geniuses, Bedouins, Bushmen, Tajiks, Svans, Karelians, Sarmatians, Karelians, Tungus, Uzbeks, Kalmyks, Midshipmen, Bedouins, Kyrgyz, Yakuts, sappers, miners, hussars, dragoons |
with a collective value - a hussar squadron, regiment of dragoons, a dozen lancers; company grenadier, detachment cadet |
items |
stocking, boot, felt boots, stanchions, shoulder straps, | paths, roots | roots, bots, socks, rails, glasses, leaves, sheets, bracelets, key rings, |
units |
100 volts, arshin, x-ray, hertz, ohm, cents, 5 carats | seven spans, 100 rubles | 10 grams, kilograms, centners, acres, hectares, inches, liters meters, millimeters, centimeters, pounds, pounds, feet, yards, dinars, dollars, tugs, sterling |
product names |
no pasta | | many apricots, oranges, tomatoes, tomatoes, bananas, eggplant, lemons, tangerines, |
Nouns having the same plural form in the genitive also vary and do not have a specific rule.
genitive answers the question of whom? or what? |
zero ending | ending her | ending s |
there are no moccasins, no attacks, several scissors, no breeches, the onset of twilight, without pantaloons, the onset of darkness, to jump off the stilt, no bloomers. | the onset of everyday life, a lot of rakes, a few firewoods, no manger. | no frills, no frosts, no clips, no rags, ashamed rags, no antlers, no scum; |
Adjectives and participles in the genitive
Adjectives and participles also tend to cases and have endings depending on the questions posed to them by nouns.
If we consider only the genitive case, the questions are as follows:
- Which one? - husband. and wednesday kind
- Which one? - female. kind
For instance:
- dawn (what?) scarlet, evening - the end of -th, -th;
- sea (what?) deep, sparkling - the end of the –th, –th;
- a ship (what?) of a large, sailing - the end of the –th, –th.
Adjectives and participles raise the questions of the genitive plural:
- which ones?
- what are they doing?
- what have you done?
For instance:
Sails (what?) Of white, (what are they doing?) Whitening, (what have they done?) Revealed.