Natural lighting is the most favorable for a person, therefore it is he who needs to be given preference, making out this or that room. The work performed has a different level of complexity, therefore, they need a different level of concentration of attention and eye strain. In this regard, the design of buildings and premises should be guided by the developed standards of natural lighting. These indicators are regulated by law in accordance with the sanitary and hygienic requirements that must be observed by organizations, institutions and enterprises. Natural lighting, as well as artificial lighting, must be correct so that the inhabitants of apartments and workrooms feel comfortable and maintain their health. The best light source is the sun's rays.
Norms of natural lighting
The most optimal is the size of the window opening, at which its area is equal to at least one tenth of the floor area. It should be borne in mind that curtains and curtains reduce the illumination of rooms, so it is advisable to use them only in case of urgent need. Natural lighting of the room to its entire depth can be performed due to such reflective surfaces as windows, floor, ceiling, therefore this factor should also be taken into account. In order to provide light to those rooms in which direct sunlight does not penetrate, special prisms are used that direct sunlight into the interior, refracting the beam.
For rough work, natural light should be 40 lx and be 1.33% of the coefficient of natural light (KEO); when working with medium accuracy - 80 lx, and KEO = 2.66%; with accurate work - 150 lux and KEO = 5%; at very accurate - 300 lx and KEO = 10%. In those cases, when the windows face north, you can improve the illumination by raising the openings of a large area high and painting the floor, walls and ceiling in bright colors.
Combined lighting
Although natural is considered optimal, it is often not enough, so artificial lighting is provided for the premises.
It happens:
- general (all rooms are equipped with the same lamps, which are evenly located above the illuminated surface);
- combined (general and workplace lighting fixtures).
In modern buildings with one glazing on the side in the daytime, natural lighting and artificial lighting are used at the same time (combined). It is important here that both of these species are in harmony with each other. For this, fluorescent lamps are used as artificial lighting.
Greenhouse lighting
The main factor for the development of plants is the process of photosynthesis. It affects growth and yield. Light is a source of energy for photosynthesis, therefore, when assembling a greenhouse, you need to optimally position it in order to take into account natural lighting as efficiently as possible. Usually they orient this room in the cardinal directions - from west to east.
But this indicator is affected not only by how the greenhouse is located. The condition of the coating plays an important role as well. The transparency of the coating is affected by the quality of the material used, the degree of contamination and the operating time. The cleaning and washing procedure is preferably carried out in autumn and early spring.
Plants inside the greenhouse must be placed so that they are not obscured by opaque elements of the structure. Inside the greenhouse, all non-transparent parts (for example, shelving) are recommended to be painted white, to create additional illumination. To do this, you can use reflective screens, sheets of iron, mirrors located to the windows with the front side.
Photophilous plants in winter may lack natural light, so it should be supplemented with artificial. When growing seedlings of bell pepper, lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers and other plants, the lighting should be good 10 hours during the day. For this, fluorescent lamps are used that do not heat up and can be located close to plants.