The Russian language, as you know, is one of the richest in the world. The lexical structure is so diverse that, in addition to generally accepted rules, there are additional provisions, exceptions and other tools that contribute to the graphic representation of oral speech. Spelling combines the rules of how to correctly spell words and their significant parts. The discipline contains information about hyphen and separate styles, the use of capital letters and methods of transfer. This whole system is also called spelling. There are three principles for constructing the constructive elements of speech: morphological, phonetic and semantic. In the article, we will consider some basic rules that the language contains (Russian).
Unstressed Vowel: General
Using graphics, spelling forms the style of words in one correct image and grammatical form. Thanks to this system, designs have a single graphic image. It usually has a certain meaning that is not related to the sound side of a speech element. All unstressed vowels in the root can be divided into several groups. Each of them has its own rules. In the article we will consider what are words with unstressed vowels.
Common cases
We begin to study unstressed vowels verified by stress. Let's start with the term. Validated unstressed vowels are elements that cause some doubts when writing in some cases. To eliminate these difficulties, there are words in which dubious sounds are in a strong position. Thanks to this, the writer sees how to correctly write unstressed vowels in the root. For example: water (water) or heat (heat), fox (foxes). Verifiable unstressed vowels are present in these speech elements .
Dictionary constructions
An unstressed root vowel, verified by stress, has been described above. Consider the cases when there is no construction in speech in which it would be clear how to write the letter in a "weak" position. That is, there is an unverifiable unstressed vowel. Such elements are contained in sufficient quantities in the reference literature. They need to be remembered. This, for example, what words? Unstressed vowels are found in both borrowed and original Russian constructions: vinaigrette, utilitarian, front garden, and privilege. The words antagonism, steak, cannonade, initiative, macaque can be included in the same list . This also includes the words briolin, demagogue, holster, badminton, airship, bondage, criminology, panorama, optimism, panegyric. Also in the list there are quite well-known concepts: confusion, obsession, lobby, bagpipes, delicacy, dependency, waste paper, opportunity. An unchecked, unstressed vowel is present in elements such as: plasticine, range, burner, charm, koschey, tunnel, aborigine, Esperanto. And this is not the whole list. At the beginning of the study of these constructions, writers often turn to reference literature.
Connecting letters
In speech, different words with unstressed vowels are used. In some designs, letters perform a connecting function. Such a need arises in cases of the formation of complex structures. As a rule, such structures consist of two words (roots). The connecting function is performed by certain letters. In these cases, it is easy to remember which unstressed vowels are present in the constructions.
Thus, in the fusion of parts of an international character, "e" and "o" are used. The connecting vowel is used in the letter after paired and at the same time solid consonants. In this case, use "o". After paired and at the same time soft, as well as hissing "c" and "g", "e" is used. Examples of words where such letters occur: worldview, hundred-ruble, mousetrap, haymaking, mud cure, sheep breeding, Old Russian, millennia old, Moskvoretsky, ninety years old, voice recorder. The same list may include: employer, disposable, vacuum cleaner, freshly painted, seafarer. This category includes: publicly available, sound engineer, butter-brewed, tea drinking. Among such designs are also present: horse breeding and horse-breeding, blood and bruising, songwriting and chanting, long-sighted and far-sighted and others.
The letters "o", "a", "i", "and", "s"
Consider other complex words with unstressed vowels. The letter "o" is usually written after "e" or "and" in constructions that have the first part with the basics of -e, -i and -ey. For example: bacteria (carrier), religion (religious studies), chemistry (chemotherapy), trachea (tracheobronchitis), history (historiography), museum (museology, but exception: museology). In some cases, it is provided instead of “e” and “o” to use letters that coincide with the case endings of speech elements, the main parts of which are present in complex combinations. Applicable:
1. "I" - in words that have the first half:
- “yourself” (for example, selfish; but there are exception words: cost);
- "time" (example: pastime, time calculation);
- "name": (name);
- "seed" (ovule; but exceptions: seed store, name-list, seed production).
2. “A” - in such speech elements as “crazy” and “insane”, as well as in constructions that in the first parts have:
- “magpie-” (forty-candle, forty-year-old, forty-hour; but: forty-centipede, centipede);
- "one and a half" (one and a half year, one and a half, one and a half years).
"And" and "s"
The letter "and" is used in words that have some numerals in the first halves. Examples: seven-month, ten-year, sixtieth, thirty-volume, triune, trefoil, tripartite, triune (but: tripod, triangular). To the same list include such constructions as: turtle-tail, daredevil, uncle-Styopin, vyrviglaz.
1. In complex words (at the end of their first halves) are put "and" and "a":
- avia-, aqua-, mega-, media-, maxi-, milli-, mini- (as well as all words having such first parts).
2. The letter "and" is also used in words with parts:
- -metry (e.g. dosimetry);
- -firm and -firmation (e.g. electrify).
3. The letter "s" is present in such elements of speech as, for example, "Anna-Petrovnin" or "women-Dusin."
Borrowed constructions
There are speech elements to which spelling rules cannot be applied. This happens in those cases when cognate words refer to different languages. For example, unstressed combinations of "ra", "la", (gate, head), being dissenting, are of Old Slavic origin and are always written with the letter "a". At the root of the words with such a combination used today, corresponds to "oro", "olo" (gate, head).
Spelling rules cannot be extended to foreign-language constructions, since words with unstressed vowels may differ from those in which the dubious component is in a strong position.
Rules for speech elements with alternating "o" and "a"
For some verbs in perfect form (if these are words with an unstressed vowel "o" for example), verb constructions in imperfect cannot be used to check. For example: late - late, not late; swallow - a sip, not swallow, and so on. In other words, in these cases it is impossible to use verbs with an imperfect suffix -iva- (-yva-) for verification. Also, in the doubtful case of “trampling”, the “trample” form should be used, but not “trampling”.
Cases of alternating "e" and "and"
Care should be taken when writing words with homonymous roots. In such constructions, dubious elements are pronounced the same way, but when they are written, they are indicated by different letters. You can compare in pairs: sit (sitting) and turn gray (gray). After a soft consonant and hissing, the letter “e” is pronounced according to the stress of both “e” and “o”. When writing is indicated as "e" and "e". Example: rustle (rustle) and silk (silk).
Writing doubtful letters after "c"
When writing non-Russian proper names, for example, geographical names, after the consonant "q" in the words you should write "u" and "I". Example: Zurich. If the syllable is stressed, then you should write "o", if the letter is pronounced. It should be written in derivatives of this word. Example: to clatter, clatter. Also, the letter "o" should be used in foreign words. Example: Duke. When writing words with the letter "q" in the root, you should write the letter "and" and not "s", for example, in the word "circus". But there are a number of exceptions to this rule when it is necessary to write the letter “s” in a word: gypsies, chicken, on tiptoe, tsyts and derivatives thereof. They should be remembered.
Hard cases in spelling
There are some designs that do not fall under the rules. They must be remembered. For example, when writing a word like "velvet", the letter "a" (velvety) is used in a strong position, but in an unstressed position, you should use "o" (velvet). When writing a speech element such as "kids" in a weak position, you should write "e". The same letter is also used in the main word "children", where "e" is under stress and it is written in the derivative of it - "child". However, when writing the element of the speech “child”, the letter “and” should be used. As well as in the word "child", where under the stress is written "and". Difficulties can arise with a speech element such as a magnet. This word (Greek in origin) has a stressed vowel “e” in a number of cognate constructions, and in a weak position the sound is marked with “e” and “and”. Example: magnet, magnet; radio, magnetism.
The presence of such variations in spelling is supported by the side emphasis in the introductory part of compound words on the letters "e" or "and". They also differ in pronunciation. At the root of the financial term “debit,” the second vowel in the same root words is always unstressed. In a design such as "debit", it is transmitted by the letter "e", and in the word "debtor" by the letter "and". In the basics of words such as "infection" and "disinfection" in the stressed position is written "e". In a weak position, you should use "and". When writing, the difference in the use of letters can be explained by the origin of the source of the foundation. In such cases, the spelling is determined using the reference publication.
The role of spelling in practice
Spelling performs the function of a means of language communication in writing. This fact undoubtedly makes it a fairly significant discipline for society. Spelling and the whole system of development of the sound base of the language as a whole are in constant interaction. Accepted spelling rules are mandatory for all writing people, it does not matter whether the person is writing a letter, article, statement or submitting an advertisement to a newspaper. No wonder they begin to study spelling from the elementary grades. For children, it is included in the compulsory school curriculum as one of the main subjects. When writing native Russian or borrowed words , strictly established rules should be used. If the dubious situation does not obey any of them, then you should turn to the reference literature, find a difficult case and try to remember it.