How difficult it is for students studying the course of Russian morphology. Our language is so diverse and sometimes complex that not everyone can overcome it.
For example, the perfect participle is often confused with the participle. How to remember once and for all their features and differences, we will consider further.
Definition of participles
In order to correctly determine what part of speech is in front of us, it is necessary to know the most basic information about each. First you need to find out what questions they answer. The participles, for example, on the one hand are very similar to verbs (they are formed from them), and therefore they have similar questions to them: “what are you doing,” “what are you doing”. And on the other hand, they are often confused with adverbs. Like them, participles can answer the question of “how.”
For example: The athlete ran without looking back . Two questions can be asked to this word at the same time: running “how” and “what doing”. This is due to the origin of the participles: they simultaneously took signs from the adverb and the verb.
If we talk about the grammatical meaning, then everything is simple. Being similar to verbs, they also denote the action of an object, but not the main one, but the additional one.
For example: Mom was watering flowers, singing a song .
The main thing that my mother did was watering flowers. But she also sang. However, this is not the main thing, but the secondary action that she did.
Kinds
All participles are in many respects similar to their fellow communion. Both of them have morphological features similar to the verb . The former are usually divided into the germs of perfect form and imperfect. Recall that a view is also a verb attribute.
A perfect look answers questions starting with the letter “C”: what to do? “Leave” (verb) What Did? “Arrived” (communion), what Having done? "Eating" (germs).
All of them have the meaning of an already completed action.
Imperfect view has the opposite meaning - the action is still ongoing, reflecting process. Verbs - what does? “Walks”, what did he do? “Painted,” with the sacraments - what does he do? "Decisive," participle - what are you doing? "Playing."
As you can see, all these three parts of speech have very similar questions.
Types of participles differ in meaning. But they are easy to remember, just ask a question and determine in it the presence of the initial letter "C". If we have before us the perfect participle, you can easily distinguish it.
Suffixes
As you know, each part of speech has its own characteristics in word formation. The participle, like the dialect, will never change, has no endings, but it actively forms new words with the help of suffixes.
They, in turn, will depend on the species.
The perfect participle will be formed from:
- Verbs in the past tense. The suffixes “v”, “shi”, “lice” are added to them. For example: Having gathered in a flock, the birds flew south. Having written a letter, I took it to the post office. Having brought me a stick, the dog was waiting for the game to continue.
- Verbs in the future tense. Suffixes “a” or “I” join such forms. For example: After reading a newspaper, father left the room.
The imperfect form of the participles has a slightly different morphogenesis:
- Verbs in the present tense plus the suffixes "a", "I". For example: Walking in the park, we admired the beauty of nature. I walked around the city slowly.
It is worth remembering that germs of a perfect form cannot be formed from such verbs that end in "-ch": oven, protect; “-Knock”: jump, run, smell, and also if the stem of the verb ends with a hissing: I write, wear, knit.
Examination of the Communion
Knowing all the signs of each of the parts of speech, you can begin to analyze them.
We will analyze it in the following sentence: When doing your homework, be careful.
Performing - the sacrament.
1. Value is an incremental action because it answers the question “what are you doing?”
2. Initial form: what to do? Perform (the verb that forms it)
3. Permanent symptoms:
- Immutability (it has no endings)
- Type (determined by the verb that formed it) - imperfect
4. The syntactic function is a circumstance. It is part of the participial turnover.
Using our tips, as well as an example of parsing, you can easily distinguish the participles from other parts of speech. The main thing is to carefully understand the rules and strictly follow them.