“Those who have what they have — sometimes they cannot eat, while others can eat, but they sit without bread. And here we have what we have, and at the same time we have what we have - it means that the sky remains to us to thank! ” In the comic poem "Greetings toast" by the English poet Robert Burns, there is a real clash of the words "eat", which in one case means "to be, to be," and in the other to "eat." What kind of battle is this: between whom and what? Meet the homonymous parts of speech. Examples ahead.
Homonyms
Between words, in any language, as well as between people in society, certain relationships are found, the nature of which develops depending on the values expressed by these lexical units and on their phonetic design. Hence, three main types are formed: synonymous, antonymic, homonymous. We have to deal with the latter. So what are homonyms in Russian?
The essence of such a phenomenon as homonymy consists in identity, coincidence of sound - the sound image of two or more words with a complete difference in meanings. Here further division into the following groups is observed:
- Lexical homonyms, otherwise - complete (light - light energy; light - earth, universe, world);
- Incomplete, which, in turn, are divided into species. Among the latter distinguish: homophones or phonetic homonyms - different in meaning and spelling, but similar in sound (score - score and ball - dance evening); homographs - different meaning, sound, but the same spelling (castle - building and castle - fixing device); homoforms or morphological homonyms - different in meaning, sometimes in belonging to parts of speech, but similar in sound only in separate morphological forms.
Here, on the question of what homonyms are in the Russian language, we put an end to it and dwell on morphological homonyms in more detail.
Actually grammatical homonyms
This is a fairly large and heterogeneous group of homonyms, which is also divided into species. Grammar homonyms proper are lexical units identical in sound and in spelling, but belonging to different parts of speech, and accordingly, differing in lexical meaning, morphological, grammatical characters, and role in the sentence. For example, the word “what” can be: interrogative or relative pronoun (“What did he look for in the back room?”); an adverb in the meaning of “why”, “for what”, “why”, “for what reason” (“Why don’t you read such an interesting book?”); union ("I told you that I was going to Africa, but you did not believe"); particle (usually used at the beginning of poems).
Other species
This group of homonyms - homoforms, is intensively replenished with verbal pairs, which involve both lexical and grammatical analysis. These are the homonymous parts of speech. As they say, what is it and what does it eat with? Here you should deal with each specific case.
Adverbs
The harmonious parts of speech need to be distinguished from each other, and for this there are certain tricks. For example, there are many adverbs that must be distinguished from homonymous nouns, adjectives, participles, pronouns. For what? For the correct use in speech and to prevent spelling errors, since these pairs are pronounced the same, but differ in semantics and spelling.
In sentences, an adverb is distinguished from a noun by the presence or absence of a dependent word. The noun has it, the second does not. For example, the word “(to) meet”: “He hardly rose to meet” - an adverb in the meaning of “forward”; “My expectations for a meeting with a long-standing friend did not come true” - for a (long-awaited) meeting with the dependent word “friend”, a noun with a preposition. By the same principle, we distinguish between an adverb and an adjective. For example, "(in) -autumn": "The sun was already shining in the autumn" - an adverb, a correct spelling through a hyphen; “Lead clouds raced across the autumn sky” - the adjective depends on the noun “sky” and is consistent with it in gender, number and case, the preposition is written separately.
But when delimiting adverbs and such auxiliary parts of speech as particles, prepositions, conjunctions, you just need to ask a question to the word of interest and choose a synonym. As an example, take the word “past”: “Children ran past the stairs cheerfully” - an excuse, the question is not posed, it is possible to replace “before, for”; "Running past, he shouted loudly" - an adverb in the meaning of "near, close, near."
Unions
We continue to consider such a phenomenon as morphological homonymy. It contains many difficult, rather complicated cases, including the spelling of homonymous parts of speech. Examples will allow you to see and understand the differences between them.
Particular attention should be paid to such unions as “so that, therefore, also, therefore, because.” The “to” union has its own homonymous brother — the interrogative-relative pronoun “what” and the particle “would”. How to distinguish them? After all, you cannot make a spelling mistake. Firstly, if the particle “would” can be omitted or transferred to another part of the sentence, and by the word “what” to choose a noun, then we have a pronoun. For example: “What would he draw? - What should he draw? - What would he draw? “Would he draw a picture?” And secondly, in place of one union, you can always put another. We read: “I came to you to talk about the accumulated problems. “I came to you to talk about the accumulated problems.”
Also, too
Alliances “also, too” were not accidental in this series. They, like the previous “heroes”, have their own homonymous parts of speech - an adverb with a particle “the same” and a pronoun with a particle “the same”. To understand that we have alliances, we must replace them with each other or with the union “and” (“We love fiction, he also loves = he also loves = and he loves”). This is the first way.
In adverb and pronoun, the particle “same” can be omitted or replaced, but not in the union (“She wanted the same as we = She wanted the same as us”). In addition, the question is not posed to the union, but yes to the adverb and pronoun. ("She wanted the same thing (what exactly?) As we did; She swam the same way (how? How exactly?) As we did.") This is the second way.
But because of that, because
We continue the topic, and turn to new, no less interesting points: the joint and separate writing of homonymous parts of the speech "but because of this." They are correct to write together if they are unions, and separately - if pronouns with prepositions. How to recognize them? The techniques are the same as in the above examples.
You can always choose another union for a union: “but - but, because - because, because - because” (“He is a bad artist, but (but) a good decorator”). In combinations “for that, from that,” the pronoun “that, that, that” is easy to replace with a noun or adjective and put the corresponding questions to them (“I want to express my gratitude for (for what?) That you came to us for a holiday ")
Prepositions
The spelling of the homonymous parts of speech (look for exercises in textbooks on the Russian language) is a rather complicated topic. Therefore, we continue a detailed study of the issue.
So, prepositions and other homonymous parts of speech. It should be remembered that the task of prepositions is to connect the two words that form the phrase. They are derivative and non-derivative. The former must be separated from the parts of speech that are homonymous to them. We offer some examples:
- “The apartment was put in order for one month. “Suddenly there was a sharp turn in the course of the river.”
- “We traveled all over Italy for a month. “In the continuation of the novel, unexpected storylines appeared.”
- “Due to lack of time, I have not finished work. “I asked what he meant.”
- “Thanks to his new ideas, we completed this task. “The guests parted a little, thanks to the hostess for a wonderful dinner.”
What is what
In the first sentence, the combination “during” is a derivative preposition with the ending -e, as it is used in the meaning of time and answers the questions “for how long? when?" It is devoid of an independent lexical meaning, is inextricably linked with a noun. In the second case, the homonym “in progress” is a noun with a preposition, because between them you can put an adjective, for example, “in a fast current”. We write the ending -and according to the general rules for the declension of nouns.
In the third sentence, we are dealing with the pretext "continued" at the end with the letter -e. As in the first example, it has the meaning of time, depending on the noun. In the fourth sentence, “in the sequel” is a noun with a preposition, since an adjective can be used between them. Before us is a typical homonymy of words of different parts of speech.
In the fifth version, the word “in view” is written together, because it indicates the reason and, therefore, is a pretext. In the sixth sentence, we deal with a noun with the pretext "in mind" and write separately. "View" is the initial form, which is in the singular, in the prepositional case.
In the seventh case, we are faced with the use of the preposition “thanks”, because we cannot ask a question and do without it. And in the eighth, we meet with homonymous germs “thanks”, because it denotes an additional action to the main one, expressed by the predicates “diverged”, and forms the geremonies.
We hope that the article on the topic “Homogeneous parts of speech: definition, spelling, examples” will help to cope with all the difficulties in learning the Russian language.