What was the first: an egg or a chicken? Scientists all over the world have been struggling over this simple question for decades. A similar question arises about what was at the very beginning, at the time of the creation of the Universe. But was it, this creation, or are the universes cyclical or infinite? What is black matter in space and how does it differ from white? Putting aside various religions, we will try to approach the answers to these questions from a scientific point of view. Over the past few years, scientists have been able to accomplish the incredible. Probably, for the first time in history, the calculations of theoretical physicists agreed with the calculations of experimental physicists. The scientific community has been presented with several different theories over the years. More or less accurately, empirically, sometimes quasi-scientifically, but the theoretical calculation data were confirmed by experiments, some even with a delay of more than a dozen years (Higgs boson, for example).
Dark matter - black energy
There are many such theories, for example: String theory, Big Bang theory, theory of cyclic Universes, theory of parallel universes, Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), theory of the stationary Universe F. Hoyle and others. However, at present, the theory of a constantly expanding and evolving Universe is considered generally accepted, the theses of which are quite within the framework of the concept of the Big Bang. At the same time, quasi-empirically (i.e., experimentally, but with large tolerances and based on existing modern theories of the structure of the microworld), data were obtained that all microparticles known to us make up only 4.02% of the total volume of the entire composition of the Universe. This is the so-called "baryonic cocktail", or baryonic matter. However, the bulk of our universe (more than 95%) is substances of a different plan, a different composition and properties. This is the so-called black matter and black energy. They behave differently: they react differently to various kinds of reactions, are not fixed by existing technical means, and exhibit properties that have not been studied before. From this we can conclude that either these substances obey other laws of physics (non-Newtonian physics, a verbal analogue of non-Euclidean geometry), or our level of development of science and technology is only at the initial stage of its formation.
What are baryons?
According to the current quark-gluon model of strong interactions, there are only sixteen elementary particles (and the recent discovery of the Higgs boson confirms this): six types (flavor) of quarks, eight gluons and two bosons. Baryons are heavy elementary particles with a strong interaction. The most famous of them are quarks, proton and neutron. Families of such substances, differing in back, mass, their "color", and also the numbers of "charm", "strangeness", are just the bricks of what we call baryonic matter. Black (dark) matter, which constitutes 21.8% of the total composition of the Universe, consists of other particles that do not emit electromagnetic radiation and do not react with it in any way. Therefore, for direct observation, at least, and even more so for the registration of such substances, it is necessary first to understand their physics and agree on the laws to which they obey. Many modern scientists are currently engaged in this matter at research institutes in different countries.
Most likely option
What substances are considered as possible? To begin with, it should be noted that there are only two possible options. According to GR and STO (General and Special Theory of Relativity), in composition this substance can be both baryonic and non-baryonic dark matter (black). According to the basic theory of the Big Bang, any existing matter is represented in the form of baryons. This thesis is proved with the utmost precision. Currently, scientists have learned to fix particles formed a minute after a singularity rupture, that is, after an explosion of a superdense state of matter, with a body mass tending to infinity, and body sizes tending to zero. The scenario with baryonic particles is most likely, since it is precisely from them that our Universe consists and through them continues to expand. Black matter, according to this assumption, consists of basic particles that are generally accepted by Newtonian physics, but for some reason that are weakly interacting in an electromagnetic manner. That is why the detectors do not fix them.
Not so smooth
Such a scenario suits many scientists, but still there are more questions than answers. If both black and white matter is represented only by baryons, then the concentration of light baryons as a percentage of heavy, as a result of primary nucleosynthesis, should be different in the initial astronomical objects of the Universe. And experimentally, the presence in our galaxy of an equilibrium sufficient number of large objects of gravity, such as black holes or neutron stars, to balance the mass of the halo of our Milky Way was not detected. However, the same neutron stars, dark galactic halos, black holes, white, black and brown dwarfs (stars at different stages of their life cycle) are most likely part of the dark matter that makes up dark matter. Black energy can also complement their filling, including in predicted hypothetical objects, such as preon, quark, and Q-stars.
Non-baryonic candidates
The second scenario implies a non-baryon beginning. Here, several types of particles can act as candidates. For example, light neutrinos, the existence of which has already been proved by scientists. However, their mass, of the order of one hundredth to one ten-thousandth eV (electron-Volt), practically excludes them from possible particles due to the unattainability of the required critical density. But heavy neutrinos, paired with heavy leptons, practically do not manifest themselves in weak interactions under ordinary conditions. Such neutrinos are called sterile; they with their maximum mass up to one tenth eV are more likely to be suitable as candidates for dark matter particles. Axions and cosmons were artificially introduced into physical equations to solve problems in quantum chromodynamics and in the standard model. Together with another stable supersymmetric particle (SUSY-LSP), they may well be candidates, since they do not participate in electromagnetic and strong interactions. However, unlike neutrinos, they are still hypothetical; their existence still needs to be proved.
Theory of Black Matter
The lack of mass in the Universe gives rise to various theories on this subject, some of which are quite consistent. For example, the theory that ordinary gravity is unable to explain the strange and exorbitantly fast rotation of stars in spiral galaxies. At such speeds, they would simply fly out of its limits, if not for some holding force, which is not yet possible to register. Other theses of theories explain the impossibility of obtaining WIMPs (massive electroweak-interacting particles-partners of elementary subparticles, supersymmetric and superheavy - that is, ideal candidates) in terrestrial conditions, as they live in the n-dimension, which is different from ours, three-dimensional. According to the Kaluza-Klein theory, such measurements are not available to us.
Mutable stars
Another theory describes how variable stars and black matter interact with each other. The brightness of such a star can change not only due to metaphysical processes occurring inside (pulsation, chromospheric activity, ejection of prominences, overflow and eclipses in binary star systems, supernova explosion), but also due to the anomalous properties of dark matter.
WARP engine
According to one theory, dark matter can be used as fuel for the subspace engines of spacecraft operating on the hypothetical WARP Engine. Potentially, these engines allow the ship to move at speeds exceeding the speed of light. Theoretically, they are able to bend the space to and behind the ship and move it in it even faster than an electromagnetic wave accelerates in a vacuum. The ship itself does not locally accelerate - only the spatial field in front of it is curved. Many science fiction stories use this technology, such as the Star Trek saga.
Earth production
Attempts to generate and obtain black matter on earth have still not led to success. Currently, experiments are being carried out at the LHC (Large Andron Collider), exactly where the Higgs boson was first recorded, as well as at other, less powerful, including linear colliders in search of stable, but electromagnetically weakly interacting partners of elementary particles. However, neither fotino, nor gravitino, nor higsino, nor sneytrino (neutralino), as well as other WIMPs (WIMP) have not yet been received. According to preliminary cautious estimates of scientists, to obtain one milligram of dark matter in terrestrial conditions, the equivalent of energy consumed in the United States for a year is needed.