The turnover 'there be' / 'there is / there are', ... / (* the abbreviation “THR” is used in the examples below ) in terms of grammar is a deviation from the norm. However, like many other deviations in the English language, it is regularly used in speech. It can equally be used both in oral and in written speech, both in an informal setting and in official communication.
The use of this turnover can be associated with a number of semantic and grammatical errors, such as semantic: identification with the impersonal sentence 'it is ...', or the adverb / there /; Grammar: incorrect use of the forms of the verb 'be', adding a verb compliment to a predicate, etc.
Vs. 'there / there'
What is the difference between 'there is / there are' and adverb 'there'?
'There' is often the usual dialect of the place, answering the question “Where?”, “Where?”, For example:
Are you comfortable there? / Are you comfortable there?
The book is there on the table.
In this case, semantic stress falls on him, because it reflects the main "intrigue" of the statement.
However, there may also appear as a relative subject, and not as an indication of a place. This means that it becomes a pronoun, which nominally assumes the role of the subject, while the semantic subject is located as a complement to the predicate. A semantic subject can be substituted for 'THR' without prejudice to grammar and general meaning. The only thing - at the same time some sense of meaning is lost. In this phrase, the pronoun 'THR' is not stressed and pronounced as if in passing.
Thus, / THR is / THR are / is used to present new information and focus on it.
Vs.'it is'
How is the difference between 'there is / there are' different from the formal pronoun 'it' in the impersonal sentence 'it is'? To do this, briefly consider the topic and bump. A theme is a background part that does not provide basic information; rema is a key word (phrase) that plays a decisive role, which is emphasized. 'it' is a fictitious representative of a logically non-existent subject, or existing somewhere in the context, and the remnant here is what happens to him, or what state he is in, what signs he has. Whereas 'THR' is the “warning” of the subject, which is semantically (logically) equivalent to complementing the predicate, and the remo is usually someone or something. That is, the focus is on availability, presence, perhaps numbers.
Not used with Continuous, personal pronouns as a complement and in passive voice (Passive V.)
In fact, the phrase 'there is / there are' in English is a periphrase of 'smth is', 'many are', where the verb 'be' appears in its semantic meaning - to have a place, to be, to be, "Be present," "exist," "occur." That is why it is not used with constructions of the Continuous aspect group (respectively, and Perfect Continuous), and with a passive voice. For the same reason, it is not customary to use it with personal pronouns - it would sound like / THR am I / I am /, / THR are they / They are /, which is already implied, which means that it does not carry fundamentally new information, and from a semantic point of view is meaningless.
Rule of use of the turnover 'there is / there are'
From this it follows that the design can be used with:
- nouns with dependent words;
- numerals;
- indefinite pronouns.
In the following constructions (only in active voice):
- in all four times;
- in vague and perfect aspects.
The relative subject 'There' can be used in various temporal-aspect designs. However, in order to reduce time, it is usually called simply the turnover of 'there is / there are'. The construction scheme for all constructions is as follows: the pronoun 'There' opens the sentence. Behind it is placed the auxiliary verb 'be' in one of its forms, depending on the situation; an auxiliary verb is followed by a noun with dependent words (if any), i.e. noun group.
THR is work to be done. There is work to be done.
THR will be a party tonight
THR was no damage.
THR have been two telephone calls.
The phrase 'there is / there are' in the singular and plural
When the group of the noun after the verb is in the plural, you need to use the plural form of the verb:
THR are many reasons for this. There are many reasons for this.
THR were two men in the room / There were two people in the room.
We also use plural verbs in front of phrases indicating relative empirical remarks, such as 'a number (of) / specific number', 'a lot (of)' / plural, 'a few (of) / several':
THR were a lot of people camped there.
THR are only a few left.
If a noun in a group is singular or uncountable, then the verb is used in the same form, respectively:
THR is one point we must add here / There is one point that we must add here.
THR isn't enough room in here
A singular verb is also given if several objects or persons are mentioned in the sentence, but the first noun following the verb is in units. number, or is uncountable:
THR was a man and a woman / There was a man and there was a woman.
THR was a sofa and two chairs / There was a sofa and two chairs.
Use cases
The turnover 'there be' ('there is / there are', ...) we use when we say:
- On the existence or presence of people, objects:
THR are two people who might know what happened. There are two people who can know what happened.
- About something that happened:
THR's a meeting every week.
THR was a fierce battle / There was a fierce duel.
- About the number or quantity:
THR are forty of us, I think.
Modal verbs
The turn of 'there is / there are' can also include modal verbs followed by 'be', 'have been' (beyond those responsible for the future and future in the past):
THR could be a problem.
THR should be a change in government.
THR can't have been anybody outside.
THR must have been some mistake. Some mistake must have been made.
Abbreviations
The turn of 'there is / there are' in English in colloquial speech or in an informal situation allows the abbreviation of the verb 'be' or the modal verb and its adjoining to 'there' through an apostrophe ("'s" -' is' or 'has', " 're "' are ',"' ll "- 'shall' or 'will'," 've "-' have ',' 'd” -' had ',' should 'or' would '):
THR's no danger.
THR'll always be a future for music / There will always be a future for music.
I knew THR'd be trouble.
THR's been quite a lot of research into it / A lot of research has been done on this.
I didn't even know THR'd been a murder. I didn’t even know that the murder was committed.
'Appear to be'
Also, in addition to the existential verb 'be' - that is, with the meaning "to be," to occur "- the less definite" seems to have a place to be "," it feels like what's happening ... "and similar phrases with verbs like 'appear' and 'seem':
THR appears to be a vast amount of confusion on this point. There seems to be a huge amount of ambiguity about this.
THR seems to have been some carelessness. It seems that some negligence has taken place.