List of adverbs. How to distinguish an adverb from an adjective? What is an adverb in Russian

Each of us has been familiar with such a part of speech as an adverb even from school. We actively use them in daily speech, not at all thinking about any rules or the fundamentals of the theory.

However, it is necessary to understand the very concept: what is an adverb in Russian? According to the rules of literature, this term is defined as the unchanging part of speech , indicating a sign of a perfect action, the state of an object or the quality of an object, and plays the role of a circumstance or an inconsistent definition in sentences. Answers the question: "how"?

Adverbs bring more meaningfulness, accuracy and expressiveness to our speech. For the correct construction of the sentence, within which this part of the speech stands, it is necessary to take into account its stylistic significance and semantic role.

Writing a particle is not with adverbs in -o (-s). Consolidated use

Consider the spelling of a non-adverb with adverbs ending in -o (-e). The role of a particle not in the Russian language is manifested in denial and word formation.

1. A particle not with adverbs in -o (-e) is written together if a new word is formed with the opposite meaning. Instead, you can substitute a synonym in which it is not absent. List of adverbs: not bad (initially the word is bad); illiterate (the original word - competently); not far (the original word is far). The exceptions are the words: not soon (soon), not in vain (in vain), not by accident (by chance), not on purpose (on purpose).
2. The particle does not join vague and negative adverbs. Examples: there is no need (why), nowhere (where).
3. In case the word cannot be used without a particle: ridiculous, inadvertent, careless, unexpected, awkward, sloppy.
4. If the proposal has a contrast and a union but: speak quietly, but expressively.

Separate use

Consider another spelling of adverbs in -o (s):

1. Separate spelling occurs if there is a contrast and union a in the sentence a: I thought about it not good, but bad; fly not high, but low; visited not often, but rarely; it sounded not loud, but quiet.
2. If an adverb is associated with the words: far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, etc. Examples: not at all silly, far from reliable, not too late.

The role in the phrase

Phrases with adverbs are found in almost all lexical and grammatical types. Depending on the part of speech that plays a major role, they distinguish: verbal, nominal and adverbial phrases.

1. In verbal phrases, the main role is given to the verb. There are also cases in which the secondary word is the dialect itself. Example: to do three together, to decide fairly.
2. In nominal phrases, the main role can be given to several parts of speech. Phrases with adverbs, as with secondary members, may include nouns and adjectives. An example of a combination of construction with a noun: walking, pilaf in Korean. An example of a combination of construction with an adjective: unbearably hot, surprisingly sensitive.
3. What occupies the main (and secondary) position in adverbial phrases is no longer in doubt. An example of a construction with two adverbs: very stupid, still not bad. An example of a phrase with one noun: not far from the park, shortly before the weekend, alone with his father.

Adverb and adjective - what is the difference?

An important issue in the study of adverbs is the question of their similarities and differences with the name adjective.

So, how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective?

Firstly, by the absence of dependent and definable words. In a verb conjunction, an adverb, as a rule, plays the role of circumstances. The adjective has several dependent words with it, which are consistent with it. In addition, adjectives are easily omitted, since the adjacent prepositions belong not to them, but to nouns.

Secondly, one dialect with a similar meaning can take the place of another: then - then, in vain - in vain, first - first, etc. Replace the names of adjectives only with other adjectives, or other nominal parts of speech: in an empty house - in free house.

So, we figured out how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective in Russian. The same provisions also work when it is necessary to distinguish it from a noun, pronoun and numeral. Unions are distinguished by their connecting function between homogeneous members, as well as parts of a complex or whole sentence.

Degrees of comparison

If high-quality adjectives participated in the creation of adverbs, then a comparative and superlative degree of comparison is formed.

Superlative and her education

Adverbs of superlatives have a composite form. As a rule, it combines a comparative degree and two pronouns - all and all.

Quality adverbs

The two most important categories of adverbs are called qualitative and circumstantial. The first can determine the quality of the action performed (the so-called adverb of the action), or a sign that is expressed by adjectives.

Consider the list of adverbs included in the qualitative category and examples of their use:

• Talented to sing, grin contemptuously, defend brilliantly, intentionally quiet, warm in the spring, caring, cautious, etc.
• Qualitative dialects often play the role of an epithet that figuratively reflects the actions of the verbs: "The night stood solemnly and regally" (from the story of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev).
• It is possible for qualitative adverbs to form subjective assessments that mean amplification, diminution, affectionateness, or weakness of a sign. This form, as a rule, is characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: recently, far, far, hard, poorly, etc.

The place of quantitative adverbs inside qualitative

Quantitative adverbs, as a subgroup within qualitative ones, mean:

1. The degree or measure of action and sign: little to do, rush a little, much older.
2. Intensity of action: tightly tie.
3. Accuracy: exactly at midnight, almost a centimeter.

Such an adverb answers the questions:

• How much?
• How many?
• What measure?

List of adverbs and examples of their use: three times older, slightly lower, too late, etc. In addition to verbs, nouns can be defined: almost a teenager, twice awarded, etc.

Adverbial adverbs

With the help of adverbial adverbs, the circumstance of time, space, cause and purpose can be expressed. They give an explanation of verbs, adjectives and nouns: in the afternoon, in the morning, from the old, everywhere, from the right, from ancient times, on purpose, from afar.

Qualitative and circumstantial dialects form another category - qualitatively circumstantial, located somewhere in the middle. In this case, questions are used:

• How?
• How?
• How?

They can also include adverbs that are related to numerals, and indicate comparisons and assimilation. The list of dialects that fall under the qualitative and circumstantial category: lie, swim, out loud, together, five, alone, honestly, in your opinion, in my opinion, in a comradely way.

Predicative adverbs or category of condition

Predicative adverbs are a large group of parts of speech that have the meaning of a state and fulfill the role of a predicate. As a rule, such predicates "live" inside impersonal sentences.

The condition applies both to living creatures (honestly, sadly, sadly), and to the outside world (stuffy, narrow, spacious, rainy). Adverbs can, sorry, not, once (and a number of others) are proper-predicative adverbs.

The correct use of adverbs will help to make your speech literate and beautiful.

Comparison of adverbs of different categories helps to understand the rules for their use in both written and oral language. Their improper use can lead to rather curious situations. In the speech of the older generation you can find outdated words, as well as words that are characteristic of certain rural settlements: Ottudova (instead of from there), theirs (instead of them), nonche (instead of today), inward (instead of inward) and many others.

Many problems can arise when using the interrogative and relative adverb "where". Instead of where another interrogative and relative adverb is often used - "where." So, the phrases "Where are you going?" “Where did you go?”, “Where did you go?” change to "Where is it stocked?", "Where did you go?" and "Where did you go?"

With the adverb, the same things are “terribly”: its use does not add any additional expressiveness to our speech, as it may seem at first glance, but, on the contrary, spoils it. This is especially distinguished when using the adverb “eerily” with words that mean something positive: terribly beautiful, terribly beautiful, terribly nice, etc. There is a shade of jargon and mannerism in such phrases. Typically, writers resort to this technique to add a negative or ironic character to their work and characters.

The adverb will not give you anything useful either, if they constantly replace other important words. For example: “hit hard” (instead of “hit hard”), “had a good dinner” (instead of “had a tight dinner”), “have a good understanding of this topic” (instead of “have a good understanding of this topic”), etc.

If you want to use these adverbs in speech, then it is worth considering their features. So, the adverb is “firmly” the very place only in the descriptions of thoughts and feelings of a person: think hard, miss you, doubt strongly, etc.

It is worth mentioning the tautological phrases in which the adverb stands next to the personal pronoun of the first person: "I personally consider this inappropriate"; "I personally do not care"; "We are personally going to go on vacation"; "It seems to me personally that you're lying now," etc.

It is known that such an adverb in the Russian language as “tacitly”, formed from the adjective “taciturn”, can replace the participle in silence. A person in whose speech such substitution is present will most likely seem illiterate, and his phrases are meaningless.

Examples: "She silently went to the table and took a book"; "The hunter silently watched the prey"; "Police silently conducted an inspection" and others.

Thus, it becomes clear that such neglect of adverbs can only spoil our speech. The Russian language is complex but beautiful, so arm yourself with the knowledge you have and speak and write with confidence!