Professionalization is a phenomenon that has arisen as a result of the development of existing and the emergence of new types of human labor. The concept arose thanks to domestic scientists whose purpose was the study of psychological, pedagogical, philosophical and sociological processes.
Concept disclosure
The term implies significant changes in the professional activity of a person, namely a change in orientation or advanced training. In a broad sense, it means the organization and subsequent evolution of institutions of a social nature, principles and laws associated with the creation of a professional structure of society, as well as with an increase in the number of wishes presented to an employee. Professionalization of an individual is an opportunity for every member of a working-age society to acquire new skills and improve existing ones thanks to special retraining. Literally, this definition means mastering a citizen's professional roles. Podmarkov V.G. claimed that this term implies the correspondence of existing skills and knowledge with the chosen professional role, as well as the desire of a person to fulfill it. The phenomenon is two-level, the social side will be discussed below.
Characteristics of the social level:
- changes taking place in the labor society;
- acquisition by a person of the goal to learn a specific discipline;
- the origin of the elements and sphere of professional education;
- a number of processes and mechanisms designed to help the employee navigate new types of specializations at the level of a society or a specific company, and obtain missing knowledge;
- Effective use of professional opportunities.
Multifaceted concept
The process of professionalization is also a personal level, which is represented by changes characteristic of a person in mastering a specialty or profession. Changes are multifaceted, affecting the inner world of the object, and its external manifestation in society.
There is an invisible connection between the levels, according to which professionalization must be considered from three sides:
- As a socially oriented phenomenon, where quantitative and qualitative changes in the life of society are manifested from the professional side, new types of professionally oriented labor are born.
- As a process of mastering a specific type of profile activity by a person, as a result of which, he acquires the necessary professional qualities.
- As a system of public institutions, which is entrusted with the task of regulating the process of mastering a person’s role at a professional level, and providing each person with the opportunity to acquire a profession that corresponds to his abilities.
Professionalization system
When it comes to staff assessment, it should be noted that in this case, professionalization is a set of social institutions whose purpose is to help someone who wants to improve their skills in the professional field. In the organization where the citizen works, the system of formal elements of professionalization may not work, in which case training and selection is entrusted to other institutions. The continuation of the formation of professional activity and experience is reflected in the essence of man himself and in various forms of social memory.
A study of the process of introducing the concept and problems of professionalization indicates that the term reflects the transformations that accumulate in public practice as a result of the development of human activity, the acquisition of a professional character, as well as the innovations inherent in the object, formed in society as a result of the merger of the individual and professional labor.
Content Characteristics
Russian scientists and their colleagues from other countries disclose the terms “profession” and “professional”, based on the point of view where the first definition is considered as the initiative of the subject.
Professional like:
- the subject of the implementation of health;
- specially trained personality;
- component of society;
- source of professional consciousness.
Profession like:
- subject work;
- community of trained people;
- a person’s way of being, his attitude to the modern world.
The content embedded in each thesis describes the multifaceted aspects of the analysis of the process of personalization. It also affects its basic features, structure and logic of thinking.
Professional training
The thesis itself is included in the scientific circulation by Russian scientists, it was equated with the level of development of professional qualities of a person (opinion of R. Schreider). V. Podarkon equated the phenomenon with the development of the vocational training system, implying the creation and development of institutions of a social orientation, norms and rights associated with the formation of the professional structure of society, such as the formation of groups, positions and roles, suitability and willingness to perform a professional task.
Active discussions on this topic began to take place in the 70-80 years of the last century, when the concept began to see a reflection of the dynamic development of important human qualities while mastering new skills, Badoev, Schreider, Bodrov, Anisimova and Kanterov spoke about this. It was then that they started talking in the scientific community about the stages of professionalization, its criteria, stages and levels.
Aspects of
Over time, philosophers and sociologists began to study the subject of discussion as a holistic phenomenon. The model is a single whole, consisting of a person and his abilities, the theoretical inclusion of an employee or student of an educational institution in the world of professional activity is considered. An important role is played by psychological, pedagogical and socio-economic aspects, because professionalization is the process of the continuous formation of the personality as a specialist and a professional in a particular field.
The first aspect is of interest to researchers from the point of view of including a person in a professional environment, learning experience, gaining opportunities for self-realization in the course of self-improvement, when reaching a new level. All components are analyzed: goals, techniques, motives, means, conditions, results. The second aspect with a social orientation is interesting during the formation of labor inquiries regarding human resources and the study of needs in the labor market. In connection with the spread of this process in the in-house professional retraining of specialists and workers, a special role is played by the study of methods using the example of middle-aged workers.
Professionalization Stages
A comparison of personal and professional development was dealt with by L. M. Mitina. She noted the need to forget about the usual traditional forms of this phenomenon, and also emphasized the relationship between qualified and personal development, which is based on the principle of self-development, the ability to turn your life into an object of practical "restructuring", which leads to creative self-realization. She distinguishes 3 stages:
- device;
- formation;
- self-expression and self-realization (stagnation).
Consideration of professional development takes place in the form of a continuous process of personal self-design.
Training and business crisis
The process of entering a student or a novice specialist in professional pedagogical activity, as well as a person held in a career (as a worker or a master) who increases his professional and personal growth in a training center when organizing retraining and advanced training, i.e. professionalization of personnel being given increased attention. The purposeful formation of a person’s readiness at the psychological level for the independent fulfillment of their duties contributes to the success of further development and advanced training, Kanlybovich L. A. and Dyachenko M. I.
An important aspect is the fixing of crises of professionalization (a short stage in the cardinal transformation of professional consciousness). Markova A. K. notes that crises arise when the familiar does not satisfy, and the new has not yet been found, or when the creative approach of the employee to the business is perceived “with hostility” by the authorities or senior persons in the professional field.
Signs of a crisis of professionalization are the lack of a new one, a decrease in the desire to improve, inner confusion, a feeling of the need to overestimate one’s abilities, a feeling of exhaustion of one’s strength. It is noteworthy that the transition from one stage of professional restoration to another is inevitably accompanied by a turning point. Symanyuk E. . And Seer .. F. distinguish "labor disruptions" associated with:
- vocational guidance;
- professional growth;
- choice of profession;
- social and professional self-actualization;
- job loss.
Phase phenomenon
Professionalization as the process of becoming an employee by a master who is fluent in the skills, knowledge and skills necessary for a particular type of activity is reflected in the authority of a person, in his ability to transfer his experience to other people, and to act correctly in non-standard situations. The process of becoming a professional depends on personal qualities, working conditions, motivation and interest of the employee.
There are 3 stages:
- Primary professionalization is becoming. At this stage, the employee mastered the necessary standard skills and knowledge well enough. The quality of work and efficiency are at a high level, the employee has sufficient experience.
- Experience. The worker works efficiently and can simultaneously share experience with the younger generation. A person at this stage forms a definite opinion about some aspects of work, he can consciously make adjustments to his labor activity, as well as a certain kind of innovation in the labor process.
- Expertise The specialist is an authority in a specific field, is engaged in the production of norms and values ​​of the profession and builds tactics aimed at developing the industry.
The third stage is crucial for the subject to strive to train other specialists through the means of master classes and seminars.
All stages of professionalization are continuous training and self-improvement of a person (as a master and personality), it is associated with the observance of moral positions, knowledge of production and professional ethics.
Psychological side
Psychologists of vocational education have established that entering a pedagogical activity at a professional level requires a student or graduate of the university not only persistent efforts to master it, but also significant restructuring. Professionalization in psychology is a pedagogical regulated process of the psychological formation of personality, the formation of a specialist in the conditions of education. The whole process is closely associated with quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the formation of personality.
From the point of view of psychologists, namely, Ananiev B. G., Derkach A. A., Kuzminoy N. V., Sitnikova A. P., studying the process within the framework of the acmeological approach, the stage of emphasizing the successful professional activity of a mature personality, its periods of ups is important and falls. The psychologist Seer E.F. in identifying the stages of the professional formation of the individual takes as a basis the social side of development and the quality of professional skills. Highlights 4 stages of the formation of professionalization in psychology. It:
- Occurrence of professional intentions, transition to a new level, for example, admission to an educational institution (socially and psychologically sound choice of profession).
- Focused training.
- Implementation in the workflow.
- Realization of personality and achievement of mastery (leads to the development of stability in work activity).
Sports prototype
A professional athlete is an individual for whom sport is the main activity. In this case, this profession is a kind of business, part of the entertainment industry, the most refined form of commerce, as well as a type of entrepreneurial activity, the purpose of which is to get from the sale of spectacles of athletic competition. Professional sports are actively developing in the country, including the practice of concluding contracts for working in foreign clubs.
Professionalization of sport is an inevitable, sometimes not an objective process, which is aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the aesthetic and technical side of sport through entertainment. It is important to understand that sport can be commercial or aimed at achieving results and new records. The first is aimed at making financial profit, and the second is developing according to the laws of sports. In modern times, in connection with professionalization, sport is losing its original function. M. M. Bogen expressed his opinion in this way: "Professionalized sport is a social disaster, its result is not only victories and records glorifying the country, but also people who have lost their health."
In professional sports, the main component - the result in an honest way - is gradually losing value, giving way to another principle: "victory at all costs." What can be professionalization tools? This is psychological pressure and aggression during and before the competition. All these sports issues are relevant, most of them are associated with the search for new mechanisms that increase the efficiency of regulation of social processes.