The great Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology, Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov said this about stylistics: “Stylistics is a kind of apex of language research, a theoretical basis for the development of a unique national speech culture.” Recently, we can observe an extremely interesting situation: due to the variety of methods for presenting information, a rapid branching of sections of the style occurs. This style of coding, and historical style, and the style of the text, and much more. However, it is generally accepted that stylistics as a science includes four main areas:
1. The style of artistic speech is a style that explores the features of speech of artistic creations, the specifics of the image of the literary direction and self-author's styles of writing poets.
2. Structural stylistics (it is also called the stylistics of the language) - describes, characterizes and clarifies the relationship between various personal systems of word forms, series of words and systems from within a single language structure, the so-called "system of systems". It explores the changing types or development trends of language styles with a complex of unique features.
3. Functional stylistics (stylistics of varieties of language use) - a section of stylistics that studies functional styles.
4. Practical stylistics (applied) - studies the normative use of language tools and helps to prevent mistakes of various types in written and spoken language.
Language is a system consisting of levels, such as vocabulary, phonetics-phonology, morphology, syntax and language units (from smaller to larger, that is: sound, syllable, word, etc.)
Like the style of artistic speech, rhetoric explores expressive means in oratory. A valuable moment in stylistics (and, therefore, rhetoric) is considered to be the doctrine of figures and paths of speech as methods of "decoration of speech".
Speech figures are expressive methods based on the comparison of specific units of text, that is: contrast, juxtaposition, rhyme, ellipsis, repetition, oxymoron, etc.
Trop is a speech revolution in which expression is used in a figurative sense to achieve maximum poetic expressiveness.
Everything that is presented above is combined in two words - stylistic devices.
Stylistic techniques are an individual linguistic factor in the formation of the text, showing a special method of text production, chosen by the author to more accurately display his own worldview and the transmitted situation.
Thanks to the results of textual research, it was found that at the phonetic-phonological level, the following stylistic devices will be important speech constructions: paronomasia, assonance, anagram, palindrome, antonomasia, acrostic.
It is also necessary to realize that stylistic devices and expressive means of language are two different things.
We will analyze the stylistic features of the prose of a famous writer.
A striking example is the humorous story of A.P. Chekhov - “The Avenger”. A husband, offended by his wife, stands in a gun shop and selects a suitable revolver. He thinks of only one thing, of three murders, including the murder of himself. Everything portends trouble, but in the end, after long deliberation, he buys only a net for catching quail. The plot here cannot be called banal or predictable. Chekhov in this case used a stylistic device.
Stylistic techniques in literature both in Russian and in foreign play a serious role in shaping the image of a work, that is, they give shape and “highlight” the content itself.