The analysis shows that scientists' ideas about the content and initiators of innovative processes have evolved and found implementation in 6 generations of models of innovative processes.
The first (1G) and second (2G) generation reflect linear models of the “technological impetus”.
By the mid-80s of the last century, production efficiency indicators changed and fourth-generation models appeared - integrated, in which the evaluation of production efficiency was based on the ability to transition to understanding innovation as a parallel-sequential process.
Its most important features are such indicators of production efficiency as the degree of R&D connection with production, horizontal cooperation, the creation of cross-functional groups consisting of representatives of various phases of the innovation process.
In the 90s, the system of production efficiency indicators changed again and the fifth generation was formulated - the strategic network model (5G), which represents the further development of the integrated model, and its result is innovation. The innovation process is becoming not only inter-functional, but also multi-institutional, network.
At the beginning of the XXI century, the sixth generation model (6G) was formed - an open model whose appearance is associated with the globalization of R&D.
The description of the innovation process is based on such indicators of production efficiency as the so-called “hidden” knowledge. Here, the innovation process is a multi-level system that creates a kind of infrastructure for the development and implementation of innovations.
At the same time, due to the sharp increase in the role of high-tech industries in industrialized countries, the most valuable assets in them are intellectual property. In recent years, the main emphasis in theoretical developments on the assessment of intellectual property has been made on studying the possibilities of applying business methods in this assessment that do not fit into the systematics of profitable, costly, and market approaches. The production efficiency indicators here represent their synthesis or are so original that they have practically no elements inherent in these traditional models. This is about:
- models of added economic value - EVA;
- models of value added - SVA;
- methods for evaluating real options - the ROV method.
At the level of interaction between the "external environment" - "organization" systems, the conditions for obtaining innovations and the conditions for the distribution and use of innovations should be divided.
The organizational conditions for obtaining innovation include the development of modern organizational forms of innovative activity: administrative, economic, target-oriented and proactive.
The economic conditions for obtaining innovation include: state orders, tax deductions, preferences, benefits, vacations, loans and installments and other events.
The conditions and incentives for the dissemination and use of innovations include:
1. Organizational incentives for the development of commercial and non-commercial technology transfer;
2. Economic incentives conducive to the influx of technology.
At the level of interaction between the "organization" - "innovator" systems, the following conditions should be highlighted:
1. Organizational: the creation of teams of like-minded people;
2. Moral-psychological, moral encouragement of the author-innovator through securing copyright of intellectual property to their real creator;
3. Economic - direct financial incentives for the author-innovator: by securing property rights of intellectual property to their real creator, shareholding in profits by paying royalties, lump-sum payments, bonuses, royalties; indirect material benefits: through free time.