Part of speech is a category of words, which is determined by morphological and syntactic features. In world vocabulary, the name is contrasted (further divided into a noun, adjective and others) and a verb. The classification of parts of speech in accordance with the functions performed is also accepted. So, they can be official and independent.
Special form of the verb
In domestic science, there are four views on the participles as part of speech. The grammatical meaning of this category, morphological characters, as well as the syntactic role is determined by the peculiarity of this form. The participle in the Russian language combines the signs and meaning of an adverb and a verb.
Definition
According to Vinogradov, this is a special, adverbial-verb hybrid category. Bogoroditsky attributes the participle to adverbs. In accordance with encyclopedic information, these words and phrases are considered a special verb unchanged, uncontrollable attributive form. How does the term "participle" define the 7th grade of the school curriculum? This category is a special verb form denoting an additional action against the background of the main, expressed by the verb. The participle answers the questions “what done?”, “What done?”, “How?”, “When?”
Signs
The participles as parts of speech combine the features of an adverb and a verb. The main symptom is that they denote an action in addition to the main one. The participle is a verb form and, like a verb, has the form (imperfect and perfect). This category has a "return" (for example, clinging - non-returning, clinging - returning). The participles as parts of speech are distributed with nouns, pronouns, adverbs. With dependent words, turns are formed. The participles as parts of speech also have the attributes of adverbs: they do not change, they characterize the main action at the same time, illustrating when, how, why, etc. it is being done. In the sentence, they act as circumstances, referring to the verb-predicate.
Morphological analysis
There are several signs that determine germs as part of speech and distinguish them from other forms. In addition to the fact that it is formed from the verb, as a rule, there are such suffixes as –a, –shi, –lice, –i. In the participles in the dependent words, you can ask a question. Morphological analysis should be carried out in accordance with a specific plan:
- The general grammatical meaning.
- Morphological features:
- indefinite (initial) verb form;
- immutability;
- view, returnability.
3. The syntactic role.
An example is a written analysis.
"Gurgling, running stream"
- The word "murmur" is a special verb form - participle. Indicates an additional action to the main: runs like? - babbling.
- The initial form is babbling; nesov. century., does not change.
- The scope of the action.
Oral parsing
The word "murmur" is a participle - a special verb category. First of all, it illustrates an additional action to the main one (runs-purrs). It is formed from the verb "murmur" (beginning form). This participle does not change, it has an imperfect appearance. As part of the proposal, this form acts as the circumstances of the course of action.
How are the considered verb forms formed? What types of germs are there?
The considered forms of the verb can belong to one of two categories. The imperfections of the imperfect form illustrate the additional unfinished action. It occurs simultaneously with the process expressed by the verb. This type is formed using the suffixes –i, –a, on the basis of the form that defines the action in the present tense. For example: read-read, fly-fly and others. From verbs that have the suffix -a- the formation of the participle comes from the infinitive: recognize-recognize. From a series of words describing the action, the verb form is not formed: flow, beat, cherish, tear, and others. The perfect participle is illustrated by an additional completed action. It usually occurs before the process that expresses the verb. The formation of this form is carried out using the suffixes -lice, -shi, -b on the basis of an indefinite verb form: to be deceived, deceived, sad, sad and others. From a series of words illustrating the action, double turns can form: dry-dry, dry-dry; unlock-unlock, unlock-unlock.
The tenses of the stem verbs
In some cases, the form of the future tense is used to form participles. For the formation of participles, the suffixes are -a, -a: read-read, come-come. Categories formed from the verb stem in the past tense using the suffix. –Lice- (knowing, ex, plowing, traveling, licking and others) are considered obsolete. As a rule, they are little consumed, rarely. Previously, they were used to indicate actions that have just been completed so far: "when he saw what was happening, he grabbed the pitchfork," "having said this, she crouched down." Currently used with a suffix, having risen, they are formed from the return verb form: letting oneself out, speaking, washing, washing, starving, starving, decomposing, decomposing, and others.
Isolation
With the help of punctuation marks (commas), solitary participles related to the category of adverbs are not distinguished : sitting, standing, lying, silently, jokingly, slowly, and others. These forms do not illustrate the incremental effect. For instance:
Reading while lying is harmful; one must read while sitting.
He walked slowly (that is, slowly).
She spoke excitedly (excitedly).
In these and similar cases, the participle is illustrated not by an additional action, but by a sign of the main process. In contrast to, for example, such a sentence: "It is necessary to read while sitting at a normal table and in good lighting." Here the participle acts as an illustration of the incremental action. Phraseological phrases, stable expressions, which include the considered verb forms, are not secured. Such constructions, in particular, include the following: to work tirelessly, to scream without remembering, to run headlong and others. In other cases, participle sentences - expressions containing dependent words - are always highlighted with commas.
Syntactic role
The participle, as a rule, adjoins constructively to the verb predicate. In the structure of the proposal, this form acts as a circumstance, does not conjugate. Less often, the participle may adjoin the nominal predicate, which can be expressed by a short adjective or noun. In the construction of the sentence, this verb form denotes an additional action that accompanies the process that carries the main idea of the predicate. In this case, the participle is allowed to replace the conjugated verb form. Similar constructions are present in various Indo-European dialects - Latin, French. The participles are used in the Eskimo, Hungarian, Turkic languages. In the vocabulary of other countries, the design can be called gerund. Some languages do not have a separate form for the verb structure under consideration. Such a situation, for example, is in the English language, where the sacrament plays the role of participle.