The modern market economy is characterized by a clear tendency to instability, which manifests itself in its special, cyclical development and a significant increase in prices. But the main indicator is unemployment. It is the complexity of finding a place of professional activity for a large number of citizens that is the basis for the further development of the economic crisis.
Scientists in modern literature have very carefully developed the problem of unemployment. Its main indicators and types are highlighted and described in detail. There are several classifications that are developed on a number of grounds.
Frictional types of unemployment, which are expressed in the presence of short periods of unemployment. They are necessary for a person in order to find a new place of service. But the main problem is that it corresponds to the qualifications and level of professionalism of the employee. Moreover, such a period is a voluntary choice of a citizen, which is difficult to influence.
As a rule, this type of unemployment will unite people who are unemployed due to the transfer to another place of employment. In addition, citizens may already have been able to find work, intending to start it soon, or they are seasonal workers (construction, agriculture, and so on).
Structural types of unemployment include situations where an employee is unoccupied for extended periods of time. These periods arise due to structural changes in the economy, devaluing the qualification level of a certain category of labor.
As reality shows, unemployment of structural and frictional types can exist both in dysfunctional and in prosperous periods. As a result, the total number of unemployed of these two types is created, which is called the "natural unemployment rate."
Usually it will correspond to the situation of macroeconomic equilibrium. Since in this case, full employment will correspond to the natural level of unemployment. For any state, this factor is not only catastrophic, but even familiar, arising due to the undulating development of the country's economy.
Cyclical types of unemployment are caused by downturns and booms in production. They appear in a specific situation. If there is a difference between its actual indicators and the natural norm, then these are the main indicators of cyclical unemployment. As a result, the actual GNP volume lags behind the potential set value.
In addition to this classification, the following types of unemployment can be distinguished:
- voluntary (a citizen does not seek to work) and forced (a person cannot find a place for himself in accordance with existing claims);
- registered when an individual is officially registered in the field of employment;
- marginalized (unemployment of persons with disabilities, women, the social lower classes, youth, and other vulnerable sections of society);
- unstable, which appears due to temporary causes and economic downturns;
- seasonal, depending on fluctuations in the level of economic activity in some sectors of the economy at certain times of the year;
- technological, which is associated with automation and mechanization of production, as a result of which some labor force becomes superfluous and unskilled;
- institutional, which arises from the intervention of trade unions and the state in setting wage rates.
The problem of unemployment is a world-class issue, as each country sooner or later faces it.