As you know, the combination of words in phrases occurs according to certain laws. In order to combine them, lexical compatibility is required . In addition, you must have a subordinate connection, which must certainly be present between these words.
In Russian, there are the following types of communication words in a phrase: coordination, management and adjacency.
Matching
Coordination is a connection in which the dependent component in relation to the main is likened to the latter in the same grammatical categories.
This definition reflects the most common cases of coordination, when the dependent form changes when the main component changes. In other, less common and more complex cases, there is no assimilation, but a correlation of the form of these two components.
When reconciling, the main thing is always the noun, and the dependent component certainly belongs to the grammar class, in which there are forms that have syntactic meaning.
Types of coordination
The simplest type of coordination can be found in phrases, where the dependent component is expressed by an adjective (including ordinal numbers, pronouns, adjectives and participles): this oak, a frosty day, something unusual, an observed phenomenon, and others.
Based on this type of connection of words in a phrase, combinations can also be obtained in which the main component is associated with some part of the forms of the dependent word. For example, this takes place in various forms of indirect cases when combining nouns with quantitative numerals (on seven winds, a house with three windows), in contrast to the forms im. and a matching cf, when a numeral, and not a noun, is the main word and requires that the latter should be in the clan: a three-window house, three houses, seven winds.
When coordinating two nouns, phrases are combined in all their forms: beauty-dawn, path-road, civil engineer.
Matching the predicate with the subject
The connection of the noun in the im.p., which is the subject, and the conjugated form of the verb, which is predicate, the syntactic tradition also refers to the coordination.
The conjugated verb form or adjective in short form and the noun in it. Items are united by a common form of gender and number: the fields are empty, the forest is exposed, the sky is transparent.
Purely formally, the main component of such combinations is considered the noun in im.p.
A more complex case of the connection of words in a phrase is observed when instead of a noun in im.p. the subject is the infinitive, a numeral or other part of speech that does not have a gender and a number. In such sentences, there is no comparison of the subject to the predicate in number and kind, since the former does not have these categories. However, the direction of communication from the subject to the predicate remains here.
Full and incomplete coordination
Such a connection of words in a phrase (matching), in which the main component affects the dependent in all forms, is called full matching. If incomplete, this is observed only in some forms of the same name.
Types of incomplete coordination
There are two types of them. The first is when there is no correlation between them in the case (in number and gender, when the dependent component is likened to the main one). In this case, the incompleteness occurs because the dependent form of the word has a connection with two different word forms, one of which determines the form of the case of the dependent, and the other determines the form of the number and gender of the dependent word ("got up hungry" in the sentence "Anya didn’t want to eat and got up hungry from the table. "Here the form of" hungry "depends on the form of" getting up "and the form of" Anya ").
The second case is when there is no assimilation in the gens. In this case, incompleteness of coordination is caused by the semantic fullness of gender forms in the dependent word, more precisely, it denotes the gender of the person. This is possible in combinations of the masculine noun, expressing the name of the position and profession, with the adjective, when these nouns are applied to women: the new secretary, our doctor. These and other examples of such use are characteristic of unofficial speech.
Control
We continue to describe the ways of linking words in a phrase and move on to management. In short, management is a relationship directed from word to word form, that is, the form of the main word does not affect the form of the dependent: do good, do good, do good; food of the gods, food of the gods, etc.
Management is the subordinate connection of words in phrases, in which the main word requires the dependent form of a specific case with or without a preposition.
That is, the main component in this type of connection, such as management, is either a word or a form of a word, while the dependent is always the form of a word, and of a particular part of speech - a noun. The main word can refer to any part of speech.
In this type of connection of words in a phrase, the dependent component is the case forms of the noun, not caused by the assimilation of the main word, as it happens when reconciling, but expressing specific semantic relations to the attribute or the object designated by them.
The only exceptions are two cases in which the connection of words in a sentence with a phrase combines two forms of a word (i.e., the case of a noun):
- Combinations that form the comparative degree of the adverb or adjective and the superlative degree of the adjective: higher than the mountains, stronger than death, the highest of the peaks, the strongest of the fighters.
- Combinations that form various conjugated forms of personal verbs and nouns in them; forms of infinitive and noun in dp: it will rain - it will rain, a lot of guests have arrived, water has leaked, etc.
Thus, substantive, verb, adverbial and adjective management are distinguished.
Types of management
To distinguish between types of management are the following features:
- predictability / unpredictability;
- the nature of the syntactic relation;
- obligatory / optional.
Theoretically, eight types can be distinguished, however, in reality, in Russian, the following types of connection of words in a phrase under control are distinguished (there are five in total):
- Communication, which is predictive binding with syntactic relations proper (need help, write a letter built by students, it doesn’t work for him).
- A connection that is predictive binding with semantic-syntactic relations (drive into a wall, remove from a suitcase, go to the house).
- A relationship that is predictive binding with syntactic relations proper (snow whiteness, dress pockets, brother's house).
- A connection that is unpredictable binding with semantic-syntactic relations (settle down behind the forest, near the forest, in the forest).
- A connection that is unpredictable optional with semantic-syntactic relations (working in the garden, writing a week, a house by the road).
Adjacency
The ways of linking words in the phrase described above are complemented by adjacency. Adjacency is a subordinate connection in which the dependent word does not change its shape, but only its location in relation to the main one. Therefore, always unchanging words that do not have syntactic dependence act as dependent words in this type of connection. These include adverbs, two verb forms - the infinitive and the participle, the unchanging adjective and the simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective: ride a horse, turn right, smoking habit, very old, older children.
With the help of adjunction, the forms of possessive pronoun in the third person (her, him, them) with nouns can be combined: her family, his house, their children.
This type of communication includes the connection of a noun with a form of another noun that is inconsistent with it, or with a whole group of forms of such nouns: Brody village, Lake Baikal, the magazine "Abroad", the highway Petersburg-Moscow and others.
On the basis of adjacency, the word (which is the main component) and the form of the word (which is the dependent component) are combined.
As the main words can be used belonging to the most different parts of speech. However, it is worth noting that their combining abilities when adjoining are limited by semantic or grammatical conditions. For example, with nouns, qualitative adverbs are impossible, and germs can be used only with verbs. With almost any part of speech, an infinitive can be used (with an adjective, noun, verb, predicative adverb), but not with every word that represents it.
Adjacency Features
This type of connection of words in a phrase is unpredictable (since it is not expressed in the form of a dependent word). Adjacency is basically an optional connection, but in some cases there may be an obligatory adjacency.
Mandatory adjoining
- Infinitive with verbs with the meaning of desire, expression of will, opportunity, phase verbs (dare to object, order to shut up, want to learn, stop working).
- High-quality adverb and informatively insufficient verbs (feel confident, be friendly, look good).
- An adverbial place adverb and verbs that have the meaning of staying, being (to be far away, to be nearby, to be near).
The syntactic relationship of words in the phrase when adjoining can also be different. Between words there can be syntactic relations or semantic-syntactic relations.
Types of adjacency
According to the set of the above signs, the following types of connection of words in the phrase when adjoining can be distinguished:
- A connection that is unpredictable obligatory with proper syntactic (definitive) relations (to be able to prove, continue to speak, act nobly).
- A connection that is unpredictable binding with semantic-syntactic relations (to visit everywhere, to sit opposite).
- A relationship that is unpredictable optional with definitive (syntactic proper) relationships (working together, laughing merrily, in the city of Yelnya, the book is more interesting).
- A connection that is unpredictable optional with semantic-syntactic relations (work at the top, speak yesterday, Moscow today, break the bullet, the city at night).
Types of adjacency by grammatical properties
When adjoining, the grammatical relations of words in the phrase are also heterogeneous. According to this principle, such types of connection of words in a phrase are distinguished as the adjunction of the participle, infinitive, adverb, the inconsistent form of the noun and the immutable adjective.