Phrases are studied by a section of the Russian language called syntax. They differ in the structure and appearance of the main word. The article describes verbal phrases, examples are given based on context.
Classification of phrases
In Russian, a phrase is a combination of two or more words, where one word is main, others are dependent. There are several classifications of phrases.
By the nature of the subordinate connection, combinations of words are distinguished on the basis of coordination (the dependent word is likened to the main one in the gender and case: fresh wind ), control (the main word governs the nominal part of speech in the indirect case: to be friends with sister ) and adjacencies (words are connected only by meaning: to paint beautifully ).
Based on what part of speech the main word is, distinguish nominal, verbal, adverbial phrases. In the nominal, the main word is represented by a noun, adjective, pronoun or numeral: a tall house, someone funny, stubborn in a good way, ten in the car . If the main word is represented by a verb, these are verbal phrases. Examples: get ahead, keep your word, negotiate . There are fewer adverbial phrases in the Russian language. In them, the main word is an adverb: it is not yet long, very calm, very painful .
Verbal and nominal phrases will be considered in more detail below.
Relations between members of collocations
In different combinations of phrases, different relationships arise. Where reconciliation is a definitive connection, control is objective, adjacency is circumstantial. Verbal and nominal phrases in the Russian language make up the vast majority. The subordination relationship may be different.
Nominal usually is based on coordination ( kite flying ) and management (flower dress) , rarely on adjoining (cafe in Sochi) . Verbal phrases in Russian are based on management (speak with the artist) and adjacency (add up quickly) . Thus, all three types of relationships in phrases are equally common. When analyzing phrases from the point of view of syntax, one should indicate its type by the main word, by the nature of the connection, and by the characteristics of the relations.
Management in verbal phrases
The verb, which is associated with the noun in the indirect case, illustrates the nature of the subordinate connection, as management. That is, those word combinations that are built on control, where the main word is represented by a verb, are verb phrases. Examples: bring from the city, call for a friend, see the sunset, drive past the square .
Management standards
With such phrases associated some grammatical norms of management. So, the verb to pay requires a noun after itself without an excuse in the accusative case (to pay for repairs), while the verb to pay is associated with the same noun, but with the preposition (to pay for repairs). Sometimes mistakes are made when using verbs with the meaning of visual perception. If the word watch is often used with the preposition on (watch the sunset), then the word does not need to be admired (to watch the sunset is wrong, it’s correct to admire the sunset).
The miss verb, which controls the prepositional case, is special, so it’s right to say miss family, you, you . Some verbs after themselves require a noun in the genitive case, while they are often mistakenly used with the accusative: to be afraid, to achieve, to avoid, and others.
Adjacency in verbal phrases
Adjacency phrases are very common, where the main word is represented by a verb, that is, verbal phrases. Examples: stand, thinking, watch intently, came to talk, drink cocoa . In adjunction, dependent words are expressed by an unchanging word. It can be an infinitive, participle, noun, adverb, which are connected with the main word only in meaning.
Verbal phrases and compound predicates
A phrase where the main word is a verb and a dependent is an infinitive verb can be difficult to distinguish from a compound verb predicate. The fact is that such a predicate has a structure similar to the verb phrase. For example, I called to clarify - this is a phrase (the sentence is emphasized as different members), but I wanted to clarify - a compound predicate (it is emphasized as one member of the sentence).
It is not difficult to distinguish such designs. In the composite verb predicate, the infinitive has an ambiguous verb, which itself does not carry a semantic load: started to do, wanted to share, decided to come. In the verb phrase with the dependent word infinitive, both verbs are full-meaning: lay down to rest, agreed to take a walk, ordered to advance .
Examples of verbal phrases from the literature
There are such tasks in the Russian language, in which it is required to give examples of a language phenomenon from fiction. Below are sentences with verbal phrases taken from texts of Russian writers. "Again, an even ... non-commissioned voice is heard." "Behave yourself." "He served well ... with full zeal" (Korolenko V.G. "Wonderful"). "Glacier logging moves forward a little." "In clear weather, he dried completely." "In the middle of ... the hassle of August and September rushed unnoticed" (Fet AA "Autumn chores"). "... greenish waves glided past." "... the city felt ... a look and stood alert and peaceful." "... the moon ... gazed steadily ... from the clear sky" (Turgenev I.S. "Asya").