There are many controversial issues in Russian grammar. Depending on the approach to the consideration of a particular problem, the views of linguists on the same phenomenon are divided. One of the questions that provokes the discussion of scientists is the question of determining the participle.
Question of the definition of the sacrament
For many years in the theory of Russian linguistics, the participle was considered an independent part of speech, combining the signs of the morphology of the name of the adjective and the verb. However, in recent decades, more and more linguists are inclined to the version that the participle cannot be considered a full-fledged part of speech due to the lack of unique part-verbal signs.
Therefore, the sacrament is only a verb form with
signs of the name of the adjective. For example,
flowering cherry fragrant . This participle sentence demonstrates the main sign of the sacrament - the characterization of the subject by action. So, by the way,
cherry can be asked
what adjective is
what ?, and a question similar to the question of the verb, what does?
Communion: Sample sentences
Examples of sentences with participles will show signs of participles as a special form of the verb and their difference from adjectives.
The difference between a participle and an adjective| Participle | Adjective |
| A flower that has blossomed (from the verb to blossom) delighted the eye. | A beautiful flower pleases the eye (no sign of action). |
| The guys, overjoyed (from the verb to please) with a new game, were noisy. | The funny guys were noisy (no sign of action). |
| The assembled (from the verb to collect) the designer was engaged in by the whole family. | The whole family was engaged in a great designer (there is no sign of action). |
Communion: morphological features
The participle as a form of a verb has some permanent grammatical features of the verb: time, type, recurrence, transitive, pledge - and the inconstant signs of the adjective: number, gender, case, short form variant.
Sacrament sentence The
singing child was cheerful and bright contains two verb forms: there
was a singing one .
Singing is a participle with such attributes of a verb as an imperfect form, present, irrevocable, transitional, real. Signs, as in the name of the adjective: nominative case,
singular, masculine, full form.
Communion Collateral
The sacraments are divided into two categories: real and passive. This is a constant sign of participles associated with the category of collateral. Active pledge (valid) is inherent in participles, in the semantics of which there is an act performed by the object itself: the tree has grown - it has grown itself, the sea is playing - it plays itself. A passive voice (passive) is revealed in the participles, which express dependence on external influences: a tree cut down - someone cut down, a sea drawn - someone painted.
Sentences with real and passive participles illustrate theoretical material:
- A book on a shelf attracted the attention of visitors (actual communion). - A book purchased at an auction was brought to the museum (passive communion).
- A fragrant bouquet stood in a vase (real communion). - The collected bouquet was held in hands (passive communion).
- The building that adorned the square was built ten years ago (actual communion). - The building, built ten years ago, adorned the square (passive communion).
Below are 5 more participle sentences.
- Awakening freshness was felt in the field.
- The uncoupled car was with grain.
- The ringing phone woke her.
- The story told captivated the detachment.
- The destructive wind came from the north.
Participial
Sentences with participles can be complicated by separate definitions - participles. If in the sentence the participle becomes the main thing for another word, then the participial revolution appears, that is, the participle with dependent words.
Communion and Communion| Communion offer | Participatory offer |
| Painting kids are passionate. | Children (what?) Are passionate about watercolor . |
| The written novel caused controversy among readers. | Written (when?) In the 19th century, the novel caused controversy. |
| The watching bear was dangerous. | The bear watching (how?) With anger in his eyes was dangerous. |
| The donated yacht did not cause much emotion. | Presented by (by whom?) Father, the yacht did not cause much emotion. |
| The closed store was lit. | Closed (when?) Shortly after the rally, the store was lit. |
The table above shows 5 sentences with participle and 5 sentences with participle turnover. The difference is whether the participles have dependent words in sentences from the second column.
Isolation of turnover
In some cases, the participle turnover must be isolated. Firstly, when the main word is before the turn: An apple tree planted by grandfather still gave a big harvest. Secondly, when the main word is a personal pronoun: Alarmed by the news, he hurried to his brother. Thirdly, when the sacrament turnover also has the value of a concession, the reasons: Covered by fog, the river still attracted fishermen. (= The river nevertheless attracted to itself, despite the fact that it was inhaled by fog). Stunned, she stood motionless (= She stood motionless because she was stunned) . Fourth, when other members of the sentence stand between the sacrament and the main word: Prone to water, willows grew along the coast.
Sacrament is not distinguished when it is located before the main word, and in the cases described above. For example, the guys invented the game by their grandfather. People meeting soldiers stood on the platform. A window opened by the nanny let fresh air into the room.
Communion in fiction texts
Suggestions with participles from the literature, given as examples, will help to understand the theoretical material on the isolation of participles.
A.S. Pushkin widely used the sacrament in his works.
- "There was a bed in her bed, covered with a bike blanket ..."
- "His dinner consisted of two or three dishes prepared by a retired soldier, but champagne flowed moreover."
- "But Dunya, accustomed to such scenes, ran out from behind the partition ...".
Sentences with participles and adverbial participations can be found in the works of M. Yu. Lermontov.
- " A deep gorge blackened to the left; behind it and ahead of us the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn in a pale sky, still retaining the last reflection of the dawn."
- "Her master followed her, smoking from a small Kabardian pipe trimmed in silver."
Communions are so common in fiction texts due to their descriptive ability. Unlike other verb forms, the participle is more expressive. The participle turnover differs from the subordinate definitive part in its ease and special imagery.
Communion and the personal form of the verb
Actually a verb in linguistics is called a personal form and an infinitive. The verb represents a process, an action. It is intended to show the relationship of the action to the moment of speech and to the entire speech situation: when the action occurs, by whom it is performed, how the action and the agent are related. The communion sentence has a touch of artistry. In the literature, participle is used 60 times more often than in colloquial speech. For example, On the table lies a bouquet and smells delicious - a sentence characteristic of colloquial speech. The bouquet lying on the table smells delicious - a more book proposal. Communion, due to the similarity with the name of the adjective, is more voluminous than the personal form of the verb. It denotes not only action, but also quality, and characteristic, and condition.