There are three main management models. All of them have their positive points and disadvantages, while significantly differing from each other. Currently, such models are distinguished: marketing, Japanese and American management models.
Management is generally characterized by national characteristics, as well as common features, it is strongly associated with the level of economic development, culture, ethnic and natural characteristics of the existence of people. Throughout its history, a large number of foreign countries have been able to accumulate significant information not only in the field of theory, but also management practices in agriculture, industry, and trade, taking into account their specific features. Currently, management models such as American and Japanese are considered polar.
In principle, the category of “management model” is one of the key not only in science, but also in management practice. After all, any leader always asks himself questions: how to manage the object entrusted to him, and most importantly, what arsenal of levers, strategies and managerial technologies must be used to most effectively cope with the solution of the tasks assigned to him.
Management models include the basic principles of management, goals and objectives, strategic vision, values that are developed jointly, the order and structure of interaction of all their elements, analytical control and monitoring, organizational culture, motivational policies and the forces that drive development.
So, what management models are considered the main ones. Let's start with the American one. The management system in the firms of this country is organized quite rigidly. The nature of relations between all intra-company units is determined by the type of enterprises that has developed earlier. American firms of the early period had a trust organization, therefore nowadays in the well-known companies (Ford Motors, Chrysler) those enterprises that are part of production departments are completely devoid of independence. Their leaders are subordinate to the heads of all the same production departments.
American management style has its own characteristics. In this case, the responsibility of each individual employee is clearly defined. The essence of the American model is that there is an initial conviction that the success of a company directly depends on those factors that lie within its borders. This refers to reducing costs solely by identifying various internal production reserves, rational organization of production, efficient use of existing resources and increased labor productivity. Regarding the American model, we can say that when searching for candidates for specific positions, they are adapted to the system.
Japanese management significantly increases the competitiveness of the economy of this country. There is a maximum focus on technical and technological innovations. The distinctive elements of the Japanese management model are, first of all, the so-called lifelong hiring system. In addition, promotion depends on the length of service. An important element is the organization of group work. Labor is also paid according to the length of service, as well as on the basis of their contribution to the quality and rationalization of the process. There is a system of lifelong learning right at the factory.
But the marketing model relies on a self-fulfilling person. In addition, the company is considered a living organism, which consists of people united by shared values. The company must also be constantly updated, adapting to external factors, and the main factor is the consumer.