Many students, students and even adults strive to become literate. You can learn to see errors in a letter (punctuation, spelling, grammar) at any age. For this, it is necessary to follow certain rules of the Russian language, to observe them in oral and written language.
Classification of errors in the Russian language
Errors in speech or writing are not the same in nature. Speech, grammar, spelling, punctuation errors have fundamental differences. Speech and grammatical errors are associated more with the content and meaning of certain words. Spelling and punctuation errors are related to the external expression of these words.
A spelling error can be seen in a word standing separately, taken out of context. Other errors: punctuation, speech, grammar - it is impossible to identify without context. For example, a spelling error in the word
praznik can be seen immediately (unpronounceable consonant, right
holiday ). Speech error in the phrase
An infant needs the care of the mother is visible only in context (it is better to use the word
care , since the word
care has homonyms). A grammatical error can only be seen in the sentence, for example, the
room was wide and bright (
wide and bright ,
wide and bright ). Punctuation errors cannot be detected without relying on a sentence or text. For example,
To love: to live not only for oneself is a punctuation mistake when choosing a punctuation mark between the subject and the predicate (right:
To love - to live not only for oneself ).
Punctuation. Punctuation marks
Punctuation is a set of rules for the correct punctuation of letters. The character data system is also called punctuation. The Russian language uses ten punctuation marks. Three of them - signs of completeness of thought: a dot, a question mark, an exclamation mark - they are at the end of the sentence. One is a sign of incompleteness of thought - ellipsis, which can be placed in any part of the sentence. Signs of incomplete statements are a comma, a dash, a colon, a semicolon. They are in the middle of the sentence. There are double characters in the Russian language - these are brackets and quotation marks. Additional information is given in brackets. Quotation marks enclose names and direct speech. Other languages have some other characters. For example, an inverted question mark in Spanish or single quotes in English.
Punctogram
Both a punctuation mark and a space are called a punctogram. Words in the modern Russian sentence should be separated from each other by spaces, between them must be the necessary punctuation marks. For example, the Sun, waves , seagulls - everything is at sea resorts . Compare, the Solntserachayki in all the seaside resorts - a difficult to read series of Russian letters. Thus, punctuation and spaces are used to separate words and sentences from each other.
Punctograms in different languages
There are languages (for example, Chinese, Japanese) in which there are no spaces.
The text at first glance looks unreadable, but if you look closely, it has many punctuation marks that serve to divide the test into parts, as well as to indicate features peculiar to these languages (longitude, shortness, and so on). If we turn to the history of the Russian language, then in the Old Slavonic language texts were written without punctuation and spaces. Offers were rarely separated by dots. Capital letters were written only at the beginning of a new chapter. But in it there were more, than in modern Russian, diacritical marks: supra and subscript.
Punctuation errors
Punctuation as a science is important for native speakers. Indeed, the understanding of the written text depends on the correct placement of punctuation marks or their absence. For example, the Friendship proposal cannot be fought - definitely requires a punctuation mark for its adequate understanding. Here, from the correct setting of the comma: To be friends, you can’t fight - it depends on how the sentence is read and the information is understood. Incorrect punctuation is a punctuation error .
A place where a certain punctuation mark is required, but is different or absent altogether, is called a punctuation error. For example, the
Sun, warming with its rays, the field stood high - this is a proposal where a mistake was made. Correction of punctuation errors is based on knowledge of punctuation rules. In this situation - cases of isolation of
participial revolutions: the participial revolution, located after the word being defined, is highlighted with commas: the
Sun, warming the field with its rays, stood high. Here, the understanding of the meaning of the whole sentence depends on the correct allocation of the participial turnover.
Causes of punctuation errors
Grammar and punctuation errors more often than others are found in the works of students, especially high school students.
This is due primarily to the fact that the syntax is complicated in high school. When studying simple complicated and complex sentences, material is introduced on the correct placement of punctuation marks, which is difficult for a high school student to master. An important factor in the formation of knowledge gaps in punctuation is the reduction in hours devoted to spelling. The percentage of low-reading students is increasing every year. As a result, difficulties arise in the correct perception and reading of the text. Prevention and verification of punctuation errors should be carried out directly in the writing process. Otherwise, there will be no meaningful division of the text into fragments. It is important to put all punctuation marks during writing, and not after writing the text.
Punctuation in a simple sentence
In a simple sentence, that is, in a sentence where one grammatical basis, if it is not complicated, no punctuation marks are put except for the final and dashes. For example, the main thing is to be young with your soul. Where does the cheetah live? Spring is an amazing time of the year! If a simple sentence is complicated by something, then commas are placed in it, sometimes a dash and a colon. Complicating a simple sentence can:
- Homogeneous members: The sea splashed and played. In the basket were oyster mushrooms, mushrooms, chanterelles.
- Separated members: A vase filled with flowers stood on a table. His sister, Elena Lvovna, works on television.
- Addresses: Lisa, speak louder. Oh sea, you are wonderful!
- Introductory words and sentences: Today, perhaps, there will be clear weather. According to the lawyer, the case must be continued.
In a simple complicated sentence, punctuation errors, examples of which are given below, are common.
Punctuation errors in a simple complicated sentence| Error sentence | The rule | Corrected Proposal |
| At the edge of the forest lurking among the trees, jasmines bloomed. | The participial turnover is isolated in the position after the main word | At the edge of the forest, lurking among the trees, jasmines bloomed. |
| Everything suited the princess house park pond. | In cases where a generalizing word is faced by a series of homogeneous members, a colon is placed after the generalizing word. | Everything suited the princess: house, park, pond. |
Punctuation in a compound sentence
In a complex sentence, you can find any punctuation marks. Punctuation errors are often made in writing complex sentences. This is probably due to difficulties in the perception of long syntactic constructions. The main thing to understand is that punctuation marks should be between the parts of a complex sentence. If this is a complex sentence, then the comma is confronted with a creative union: She was bored, and he interpreted. If the parts of such a sentence have a common term, a comma is not required: For a whole month she was bored and he yearned (a common term is a whole month ). In a complex sentence, the comma is confused at the junction of the subordinate parts and the main one: The guys went fishing when the dawn was approaching.
Quoting and direct speech
Quoting and direct speech are similar in that they use quotation marks. The rules for quoting are also similar. Quotes are placed in quotation marks and direct speech too.
If the author’s words are preceded by a quote / direct speech, then a colon is placed after them:
The author says: “There is no better friend than conscience.” She said: "I will go to the park after work." If the author’s words follow a quote / direct speech, then they are preceded by a comma and a dash:
“There is no better friend than conscience,” the author says. “I'll go to the park after work,” she said. The quotation can be cited only with an indication of the source:
“Because I drank it with drunken sorrow” (A. A. Akhmatova). Direct speech in the dialogue can be made out as separate remarks without quotes. Then before the statement, which is made out on a new line, a dash is put:
- Good afternoon!
- Kind! How can I help you?
- I'm interested in the work of the Wanderers.