The term "entrepreneur" was first introduced around 1800. This word was used by Jean-Baptiste Say - a French economist. A private entrepreneur, by his definition, was a person who transferred economic resources from unproductive to highly productive sphere and reaped the benefits from this activity.
Historical reference
In the Russian pre-revolutionary trade legislation, the entrepreneur was called a merchant. The person who carried out trade transactions in the form of fishing on his own behalf was recognized as him. In the USSR, entrepreneurs were recognized by law after the Law of November 19, 1986 came into force. This normative act allowed individual work activities in the field of handicraft and handicrafts, consumer services, and other activities that were based solely on the individual work of people and their relatives.
Textbook of the Shattered
The definition of who such an entrepreneur can be found in various reference and educational publications. For example, in the manual of the Shcherbatykh a rather capacious characteristic is given. A private entrepreneur, as the textbook says, is a person of a certain warehouse, who, seeking to make a profit, independently chooses the way to carry out his economic activity. Along with this, he bears property responsibility for the results. Speaking about who such an entrepreneur is, Shcherbatykh also mentions that at the first stages of his activity, a businessman performs the duties of an employee, a hired manager and an owner of capital.
Popular Kiperman dictionary
It says that entrepreneurship is one of the most effective methods by which incentives are supported for highly productive labor and housekeeping motivation. The real owner will always be an entrepreneur, if you mean an individual citizen or work collective. Any type of business activity can be attributed to commerce if their implementation does not contradict the law.
Economic Dictionary of Efon and Brockhaus
This publication defines the enterprise. It is a farm that is conducted with the expectation of profit through the sale of products in the form of exchange or sale. On this basis, the company is distinguished from subsistence farming. In the latter, production is designed to directly satisfy the needs of its members. Today, in its pure form, subsistence farming is quite rare, since such activities are increasingly being included in the exchange system.
The economic dictionary under the editorship of Azriliyana
This publication also defines who the entrepreneur is. The description is somewhat different from the concept used in the textbook Shcherbatykh. According to the economic dictionary, an individual entrepreneur is a person engaged in commercial activities and seeking funds to organize a business, thus taking the risk. The publication also defines the initiative. It is understood as a form of sales and production management, which includes the development of new competitive projects. The entrepreneurial initiative, the author says, is the prompt implementation of the most effective ideas and the organization of a system of measures for the most efficient and quickest marketing of new products released using new technologies.
Other definitions
In his dictionary, Ozhegov also explains who such an entrepreneur is. According to Ozhegov, he is the capitalist, boss, a prominent figure, practical and entrepreneurial person. In one of his articles, Stevenson defines entrepreneurship as the science of management, the essence of which can be formulated as the pursuit of opportunities without regard to resources that are under control at a particular moment. In other countries, the term "businessman" is common. This status is recognized for the person carrying out transactions and other business activities in the form of entrepreneurship.
The legislative framework
The normative acts in force today, not only determine who such an entrepreneur is, but also establish the legal capabilities and responsibilities of businessmen. Activities are provided for and protected by the Constitution. The rights of the entrepreneur are in fact inseparable from the legally guaranteed ability to dispose of their own property. In this regard, entrepreneurs who name themselves and those citizens who carry out episodic activities without any documents permitting its conduct. For example, such people include those who resell goods. According to current standards, commercial activities carried out by persons who are not registered as entrepreneurs or do not have legal rights to it are prosecuted by the Criminal Code.
Federal Law of 1991
Federal law enshrines the right of citizens to conduct entrepreneurial activities individually, without the use of wage labor, and by forming an enterprise involving workers. To do this, a person must register as a self-employed person. Thus, he becomes an entrepreneur without a legal entity. For such merchants, the law provides for certain restrictions, a special accounting procedure, and documentation requirements. When performing certain operations, an agent of the entrepreneur may act. Notarized power of attorney confirms his authority.
Social entrepreneur
He can form and manage non-profit and commercial organizations. However, in both cases, their functioning is determined by the fulfillment of a specific mission. For such an activity, a citizen should have a number of qualities:
- Prosociality. It manifests itself in caring for the rights and well-being of other citizens, the desire to benefit them.
- Motivation. This quality implies a willingness to support the organization, going beyond the limits of official duty.
- Proactivity. It provides for the ability of an individual to take the initiative in order to change the situation for the better.