Answering the question of what is isolation, one can simply say that this is a selection of sections of text on a letter. But, as elsewhere, there are many nuances. In particular, there are different types of isolation.
Separation of minor members of a proposal
Almost any part of speech, including minor ones, can stand out on a letter.
First of all, highlighting circumstances with commas depends on how they are expressed. The following cases are possible.
The circumstance is expressed by the participle
The circumstance is isolated regardless of the place that it occupies in relation to the predicate expressed by the verb. That is, the isolation of revolutions, including those involved, takes place in conjunction with the isolation of circumstances.
For example: Frightened by a thunderstorm, he returned to the house.
If the circumstance is located in the middle of the sentence, then it must be separated by commas on both sides. This once again confirms that the answer to the question of what is isolation is simple. This is the selection of a piece of phrase on a letter.
In the autumn, leaving the house, he felt longing for his native land.
The circumstance, which is expressed by the participle or the participle turnover, can be replaced by the subordinate clause or the predicate, since it is close in value to the secondary predicate.
Compare: In the autumn, leaving the house, he felt longing for his native land. - In the autumn he left the house and felt longing for his native land.
1. Particles only are only included in the detachable structure and also stand out:
The light came on, only for a moment illuminating everything around, and again went out.
That is, this is an example of the isolation of the minor members of the sentence, to which the particles belong.
2. If the participle structure is after a composing / subordinate union or union word, then it must be separated by a comma.
Wed: She opened the window and, leaning out into the air, began to watch the rising sun. She opened the window and began to watch the rising sun, leaning out into the air.
3. Union, union word does not require separation using a comma with gerimony or adverbial circulation if the adverbial construction is inseparable from the union or union word, that is, it cannot be removed without violating the sentence structure.
Compare: He loved to make unusual gifts, and congratulating a friend, he smiled in a smile of satisfaction (impossible: He loved to make unusual gifts, but congratulated a friend ...). But! The teacher did not announce the marks for the control, but, collecting diaries, put them there. - The teacher did not announce the grades for the control, but put them in diaries.
Homogeneous participles and participles, which are connected by single composing or dividing unions and, or, or, a comma, do not need to be separated.
The linguist worked on the translation, reading the text and listening to his recording.
But in case the union connects not two germs, but other constructions, commas are placed:
I took the letter and printed it, I began to read.
When does this part of speech not stand apart?
1. The participle construction is represented by idiom:
He sat idly by.
But if phraseologism is an introductory word in a sentence, it is highlighted with commas.
2. Before the participle structure is an amplifying particle and:
You can achieve success without possessing wealth.
3. The participle is included in the subordinate clause and has a dependent union word which (a comma separates the main sentence from the subordinate clause):
The state faces the most important issues, without understanding which it will not be able to reach a new level in the economy.
4. The participle turnover includes the subject (a comma separates the entire turnover from the predicate):
Piling up on the Vorona spruce, it was already quite ready to have breakfast.
5. The participle is a homogeneous member with an isolated circumstance and is associated with it through the union and:
He ran quickly and without looking around.
When is spin isolation still not required?
The participial revolutions and single participles that do not require isolation are:
1. Having finally lost their verb meaning, we went into the category of adverbs:
We walked slowly. (It is impossible: We walked and were in no hurry).
2. They lost touch with the verb and moved into the category of service words: starting with, based on, looking at:
Documents are based on the results of the study. However, in other contextual situations, the momentum can sometimes be isolated.
1) the turnover starting from is isolated if it has a clarifying character and is not related to time:
She speaks many languages, starting with English and German.
2) the turnover with proceeding from is isolated in the event that, according to the meaning, it correlates with the one who performs the action:
We have compiled documents based on the results of your research.
3) the turnover with looking at is isolated in the event that it has a clarifying or connecting meaning:
I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances.
Separation if the circumstance is expressed in noun
The circumstance of a concession is always isolated, expressed by a noun with a pretext in spite of / despite (easily replaced by subordinate clauses of the concession with a union word though ).
Wed: Despite the bad weather, the rest was a success. - Although the weather was bad, the rest was a success.
Special cases of isolation
In the following cases, circumstances may be separated by commas:
1. Reasons with prepositions due to, in the absence of, due to, to force , etc. (easily replaced by the subordinate clause with the union word since ).
Compare: The son, in accordance with the opinion of his father, entered the law faculty. - Since the son agreed with the opinion of his father, he entered the law faculty.
2. Concessions with pretexts contrary to, with (easily replaced by the subordinate clause with the union though ).
Cf .: Contrary to the advice of the father, the son entered the medical faculty. - Although the father gave advice, the son entered the medical faculty.
3. Conditions with proposed constructions in the presence, in the absence, in the case , etc. (easily replaced by the subordinate clause with the union if ).
Compare: Employers, in the event of a decrease in profits, decided to reduce headquarters. - If employers have reduced profits, they decided to reduce headquarters.
4. Goals and prepositional combination to avoid (easily replaced by an accessory clause with the union to ).
Wed: Payment, in order to avoid inconvenience, make on the card. - To avoid inconvenience, pay by card.
5. Comparisons with the union word are similar .
Compare: Tanya graduated from high school with excellent marks, like an older sister.
In general, isolation of revolutions with the above prepositions and prepositional constructions is variable.
What is isolation when acquiring meaning?
Circumstances expressed by nouns without pretexts or with other pretexts are isolated only in case of acquisition of additional semantic load, explanatory meaning or combination of several circumstantial meanings.
Katya, after receiving a negative answer, left the living room.
Here circumstance combines two meanings (time and reason, i.e., when did you leave? And why did you leave?)
Pay particular attention to the fact that isolated circumstances, which are expressed by nouns, should always be emphasized intonationally. But the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. Thus, it is always intonationally necessary to highlight the circumstances located at the beginning of the sentence with isolation.
However, a comma after this circumstance is not required.
The circumstance is expressed in adverb.
If circumstances are expressed in adverbs (the presence of dependent words does not matter), then they are isolated only when the author wants to pay more attention to them, when they have the meaning of an accompanying remark, and so on:
After a minute, it is not known how, he reached the village.
In this proposal, by means of isolation, the unexpectedness and strangeness of the action taken is emphasized. However, such isolation in the Russian language is always copyrighted, optional.
We hope that in the article we were able to reveal the answer to the question of what is isolation.