Ship characteristics: classification, device, description

The characteristics of the vessel consists of several criteria or parameters. This applies not only to river and sea crafts, but also to air vehicles. Consider the types of classification parameters in more detail.

Linear criteria

One of the most important characteristics of a vessel is its dimensions. The maximum length is measured from the extreme nasal tip to the stern similar mark (Lex). Also in this category includes the following sizes:

• The length of the object, fixed at the waterline level from the balloon steering axis to the front of the stem (L).
• The maximum breadth of the vessel between the outer edges of the frames (BEX).
• A similar indicator recorded on the midship frame in the area of ​​the summer cargo waterline (B).
• Side Height Indicator (D). The size is measured midship from the end edge of the beams of the upper deck to the identical point of the horizontal keel. Also, the parameter can be controlled to the intersection of the theoretical shape of the side and the upper deck (on ships with a rounded connection).
• Draft (d). The criterion is fixed on the midship from the waterline to the top of the horizontal keel.

Types of precipitation

The general characteristics of vessels also include draft by bow (dh) or stern (dk). This criterion is measured by the marking of the recess at the tip of the sides. On the right side of the object, it is applied in Arabic numerals (in decimeters). On the port side are marked in feet with Roman numbers. The height of the signs and the distance between them is one foot, on the starboard side - 1 decimeter.

The precipitation obtained by the marks of the recesses shows the vertical distances between the waterline and the lower edge of the horizontal keel at the points where the marks are applied. Midsection (medium) sediment is obtained in the form of half the amount of bow and stern indicator. The difference between the parameters is called the trim of the court. For example, if the feed is immersed in water more than the bow, such an object has trim on the feed, and vice versa.

Volumetric parameters

This characteristic of the vessel includes the volume of all rooms oriented to the transportation of goods in cubic meters (W). Capacity can be calculated by several criteria:

1. Transportation of piece goods in piles. The parameter covers the volume of all cargo compartments between the internal parts of the protruding elements (carlings, frames, protective and other details).
2. Bulk cargo capacity. This includes the total indicator of all available volumes of transport facilities. This criterion is always greater than bale capacity.
3. The specific characteristic per one ton of the net carrying capacity of the object.
4. Gross tonnage (measured in register tones). It is designed to calculate fees for the use of channels, pilotage services, factories at the docks and the like.

The general characteristics of the vessel include the capacity of the containers. The indicator is measured in DEF (the equivalent of twenty-foot containers that can fit on deck and in holds). In place of one forty-foot box, you can install two of twenty feet, and vice versa. On models like Ro-Ro, the cargo capacity is indicated in thousands of cubic meters. m. For example, the designation Ro / 50 indicates a parameter of 50 thousand cubic meters.

Freight rates

The cargo characteristics of the vessel include the following data:

• Specific cargo capacity.
• Coefficient for correction of design differences of holds.
• The number and dimensions of hatches.
• Limit parameters of loads on the deck.
• The carrying capacity and the number of special ship facilities.
• Technical ventilation devices, including microclimate adjustment in transport compartments.

Since the specific cargo capacity is closely related to the net indicator, the technical characteristics of the vessels in this regard can be considered a constant value only taking into account the true load-bearing capacity. Comparison of these indicators makes it possible to calculate the capabilities of the object when it is loaded with different types of materials. For bulk tankers, the parameter of their specific load capacity is also taken into account.

Features

The specific criterion for carrying capacity is a general characteristic of ships, showing the number of tons or kilograms that an object can accommodate in terms of one cubic meter.

As a rule, specific cargo capacity is taken into account at the design stage of the vessel and, depending on its purpose, is distributed as follows:

• Rollers - from 2.5 to 4.0 m ³ / t.
• Universal modifications - 1.5 / 1.7 m ³ / t.
• Timber trucks (pictured below) - up to 2.2 m ³ / t.
• Container versions - 1.2-4.0 m ³ / t.
• Tankers - up to 1.4 m ³ / t.
• Ore carriers - 0.8-1.0 m ³ / t.

The following are the provisions of the International Convention on the General Characterization of Ships in Measurement Plan (from 1969):

• Take into account the total parameters in cubic meters.
• Minimize the benefits of shelterdeck and similar versions.
• Gross tonnage designation is GT (Gross Tonnage).
• Net boot - NT (Netto Gross Tonnage).

According to these rules, the gross tonnage of GT and NT characterize the total and commercial net volume, respectively.

Fleet Types

Vessels, depending on the purpose and features of operation, are classified into several types:

• Fishing fleet - for the extraction of fish and other oceanic or marine inhabitants, transshipment and delivery of goods to their destination.
• Production vessels - seiners, trawlers, crab, squid, water-producing ships and their analogues.
• The processing fleet is a swimming facility focused on the reception, processing and storage of seafood, fish and sea animals, while providing medical and cultural services to team members. This category also includes refrigerators and floating depots.
• Transport ships - serve the mining and processing fleet. The main feature is the presence in the equipment of specially equipped holds for storing products (transport, refrigeration and similar ships).
• Auxiliary fleet - dry cargo ships, passenger-and-freight, bulk watercraft, tugboats, sanitary and fire modifications.
• Special ships - equipment designed for prospective, training, operational reconnaissance, scientific research.
• Technical fleet - floating workshops, dredging shells and other port facilities.

Register tonnage

This conditional indicator is also included in the general characteristics of the vessel. It is measured in register tons, one unit equals 2.83 cubic meters or 100 feet. The specified parameter is focused on comparing the values ​​of objects and fixing the size of various port charges, including statistics for accounting for the mass of cargo.

Varieties of register tonnage:

• Gross - the volume of all ship compartments in superstructures and below deck, designed to be equipped with ballast tanks, wheelhouse, auxiliary devices, galley, skylights and other.
• Net tonnage. This includes the usable volume used to transport the main cargo and passengers. Register exchange is confirmed by a special document (measuring certificate).

The coefficient of constructive differences of the holds

The value of this technical characteristic of ships varies between 0.6-0.9 units. The lower the criterion, the higher the parking rate when performing cargo operations. The number and dimensions of hatches are one of the determining criteria for performing cargo operations. The quality and speed of handling operations, as well as the degree of comfort during operations, depends on the number of these elements.

The level of convenience and general characteristics of the courts of the Russian Federation in many respects determines the lucidity coefficient, which is the ratio of the total volume of transport movements to the average cargo capacity of the object.

Decks and their area

Among the permissible loads on the deck, the depth of the hold plays a decisive role, especially on single-deck craft. The transportation of packaged goods in several tiers and the restriction of the transportation of tall objects depend on this parameter. Typically, most of the materials are transported taking into account restrictions on the height of installation, in order to prevent crushing and crushing of the lower layers.

In this regard, the universal devices additionally mount an intermediate (twin) deck, which allows to protect the load on the hold. It also makes it possible to increase the total space for transporting bulky and bulky items. The technical characteristics of Ro-Ro vessels in terms of carrying capacity are one of the most important parameters. To increase the working area, such structures are equipped with removable and intermediate decks.

Technical equipment

On ships of the Ro-Ro variety, each work site must be designed to withstand the double load of DEF weighing 25 tons. For other types of boats, this indicator is calculated in the following ranges:

• Ore carriers - 18-22 t / m ² .
• Universal modifications - up to 2.5 tons on the upper deck, tweendeck - 3.5-4.5 tons, cargo manhole covers - 1.5-2.0 tons.
• Logging trucks - 4.0-4.5 t / m ² .
• Container trucks (photo below) - the minimum DEF load is 25 tons per six tiers.

In terms of equipping with technical equipment for ventilation and providing a microclimate, ships are divided into three categories:

1. Models with natural forced ventilation. Here, the air flow to the twins and holds is supplied through air ducts and baffles. Such a scheme is ineffective for preserving cargo in difficult hydrometeorological conditions, especially when traveling over long distances.
2. Versions with a mechanical system. They are equipped with air distributors and electric fans. The performance of the mechanisms depends on the specified rate of exchange of air flow. For standard universal vessels this indicator is enough within 5-7 cycles. On ships transporting vegetables, fruits, or other perishable goods, this parameter should be at least 15-20 units of air exchange rate per hour.
3. Air-conditioned options in cargo compartments.

Speed ​​and range

Vessel speed is a determining parameter indicating the carrying capacity and the period of cargo delivery. The criterion largely depends on the power of the power plant and hull contours. The choice of speed when creating a project is uniquely decided taking into account the capacity, lift and power of the main motor of the craft.

The main characteristic of the vessel under consideration is determined by several varieties:

1. Delivery speed. The parameter is fixed in the measuring line when the engine is turned on at maximum power.
2. Passport (technical) acceleration. This indicator is monitored during the operation of the power plant within 90 percent of its capabilities.
3. The speed is economical. This takes into account the minimum fuel consumption required to overcome one unit (mile) of the track. As a rule, the indicator is about 65-70 percent of the technical speed. Such a measurement is appropriate if the design characteristics of the vessel include a margin of time for delivery to the destination or lack of fuel due to certain circumstances.
4. Autonomy and range. The specified criterion depends on the volume of fuel tanks, the flow rate is from 40 to 65 percent when operating at maximum load.

Main engine and type of fuel

The characteristics of the courts of the Russian Federation by these parameters are divided as follows:

• Steamboats with piston-type motor units.
• Motor ships with a diesel engine.
• Steam and gas turbine boats.
• Nuclear-powered objects.
• Diesel-electric versions and similar analogues.

The latter options are most popular in the configuration with a low-speed transmission and low specific fuel consumption. Such power plants are as close as possible to the optimal combination of consumption, quality, price and efficiency.

On modern ships, small and lightweight main motors, operated with the help of a reduction gearbox, are mainly mounted. In terms of their resource and reliability, they came as close as possible to low-speed counterparts, which are distinguished by smaller dimensions and a high rate of productivity.

Aircraft characteristics

In accordance with the positions of the International Aviation Federation, aircraft are divided into several categories:

• Class "A" - free balloons.
• Version "B" - airships.
• Category “C” - hydroplanes, helicopters and other aircraft.
• "S" - space modifications.

Given the brief characteristics of the vessels, the version under the “C” index is further subdivided into a number of categories (depending on the type and power of the engine), namely:

• The first category - 75 and more tons.
• The second - 30-75 tons.
• The third - 10-30 tons.
• The fourth - up to 10 tons.

Classification

The characteristics of the aircraft combine typical parameters due to technical and economic indicators. In fact, the units under consideration are an aircraft unit, which is maintained stably in the atmosphere due to interaction with air reflected from the Earth’s surface.

Aircraft - a device that is heavier than air, designed for flights with the help of thrust-generating power engines. Also, a fixed wing is involved in this process, which, when moving in the atmosphere, receives aerodynamic lifting force. The signs by which airplanes are classified are diverse, interconnected and form a single system, which also provides many market criteria.

Depending on the technical characteristics of the vessel and the type of operation, civilian aircraft are divided into the following categories: GA (general aviation) and commercial modifications. The equipment that is regularly operated by companies for the transport of goods and passengers relates to the commercial area. The use of airplanes and helicopters for personal or business purposes classifies them as AON.

Recently, there has been an increase in the popularity of general purpose aircraft. This is due to the fact that the devices are capable of performing tasks that are not specific to commercial units. These include:

• Agricultural work.
• Transportation of small loads.
• Training flights.
• Patrol.
• Tourist and sports aviation.

At the same time, AONs significantly save users time, which is achieved due to the ability to move without being tied to the schedule. For take-off and landing of most of these units, rather small airfields are enough. In addition, the consumer does not need to issue and register a ticket by choosing a direct route to the desired destination.

With a few exceptions, general-purpose aircraft have a take-off weight of up to 8.5 tons. Depending on the purpose, there are two categories, regardless of operating conditions: multi-purpose and specialized modifications. The first group is focused on a wide range of tasks. This possibility is due to the re-equipment and modernization of a particular aircraft with minimal structural transformations to solve a specific task. Multipurpose analogues are divided into variants with land and water (amphibious) based. Specialized units are aimed at performing one specific task.

Aerodynamic schemes

Under the type of aerodynamics mean some system of the bearing parts of the aircraft. Such elements include wings (participating in the creation of the main aerodynamic traction) and additional plumage. It is focused on the stabilization of technology in the atmosphere and its management.

Below is a brief description of the vessel in terms of existing aerodynamic schemes:

• Tailless.
• Normal-standard scheme.
• "Duck".
• Integrated and convertible design.
• With front or tail horizontal plumage.

Air units, according to some signs of aerodynamics, are classified according to the design parameters of the wing (see the table for information).

In addition, aircraft are classified by fuselage design, landing gear parameters, types of power plants and their location.

Of great importance for civil aviation is the division of aircraft, depending on the range of their flight:

• The nearest trunk units of the main airlines (1-2.5 thousand kilometers).
• Medium aircraft (2.5-6.0 thousand km).
• Distant units (over 6 thousand km).