To ensure a decent standard of living for citizens, the development of the country requires a powerful economic potential. The number of goods and services that a particular state produces, as well as the ability to sell them, are some of the most important indicators of well-being and stability. The industry of Ukraine began to emerge at the end of the 18th century, and today it is represented by many industries.
Classification of industries in Ukraine
Depending on what the purpose of the products is, they distinguish the industries that produce the means of production. Another name for this category is heavy industry. This includes industrial enterprises of the metallurgical complex, forestry, chemical industry, as well as engineering plants and factories. The second group - industries specializing in the manufacture of consumer goods. This is mainly food production, light industry. It is important to note that the volumes of products that are produced by enterprises of the first group are much higher. Also distinguish industries of Ukraine, which extract or process resources. The first include all those areas that are engaged in the production of fuel or any raw materials. Processing enterprises subject them to processing (mechanical engineering, chemical industry).
Territorial features of the location of production in Ukraine
In Ukraine, there are some features of the placement of enterprises of the national economy. It is worth noting that there is an uneven distribution of industries. Large enterprises of the metallurgical complex, chemical plants are located mainly in the east of Ukraine. You can also distinguish such industrial nodes as the Zaporozhye region, Kiev, Kharkov. At the same time, the western part of the country does not have such a potential. These areas produce food, and are engaged in agriculture. Such territorial features of industries have a number of negative aspects. Firstly, the level of pollution in the East is an order of magnitude higher. In addition, there is an uneven distribution of the population.
Coal industry
To provide the population with electricity, an important role is played by the fuel and energy complex. The coal industry of Ukraine specializes in the extraction of coal and its further processing. The territories in which there are coal deposits are the Donetsk region, part of the Lviv and Volyn regions, Dnipropetrovsk. However, the first pool is the richest, its area reaches 50 thousand km². A feature of coal mining in the Donbass is the large depth of its occurrence, as well as the saturation of hazardous gases. All this significantly affects the cost of fuel. Lviv-Volyn coal is of less quality, but it is not so difficult to mine. The main place of occurrence of brown coal is the Dnepropetrovsk basin.
Oil production and processing
The industry of Ukraine includes the industry, which is engaged in oil production and its refining. To date, about 130 deposits of this raw material are known. The largest is the Dnieper-Donets region. The Carpathian site is currently somewhat neglected. The least explored is the Black Sea basin. This is explained by the difficult conditions of oil production, and its reserves themselves are not so significant. The main problems of this industry are the depletion of deposits, insufficient funding for further development of the subsoil. To meet domestic needs, countries import a certain amount of crude oil. Industrial enterprises that are engaged in its processing are located in Kremenchug, Lysychansk, Drogobych. Peat is considered as an alternative fuel. Ukraine has sufficient reserves. Today, about 3,000 peat deposits are known.
Energy complex of Ukraine
Without exaggeration, we can say that electricity is necessary in almost all areas of our lives. The industry of Ukraine in the field of energy production is represented by thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants.
The work of thermal power plants is based on the combustion of fuel (coal, gas, oil), which produce thermal energy. Using specialized equipment, it is converted into electrical equipment. There are several types of such stations: combined heat and power plants and condensation ones. The work of nuclear enterprises is based on the use of uranium and plutonium ores. Compared to thermal stations, such stations do not pollute the air and are quite economical due to low fuel consumption. They are located in the Zaporizhzhya
region, Khmelnitsky, Nikolaev and Rivne. Electricity can also be produced using water. Its feature is a lower price. However, the Ukrainian industry does not use its water potential enough. Currently, only 7% of electricity is produced at hydroelectric power plants.
Production of metals and alloys
Metallurgy is an industry that is sufficiently developed in the country. It is one of the most profitable. The industrial map of Ukraine is rich in metallurgical plants, in which both steel (or cast iron) is smelted and products made from it. One of the most advanced methods of metal production is the use of electric furnaces and oxygen convectors. Steel bars are rolled. It can be either square or round, or have a different shape. Ukraine also specializes in the production of pipes for gas pipelines (they have a sufficiently large diameter). The country has considerable reserves of raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. This is iron ore and limestone. Manganese ores are used for the production of refractories. Sufficient reserves and coke. The Ministry of Industry of Ukraine speaks of a large number of exports in this industry. Large enterprises are located in Mariupol, Kharkov, Donetsk, Lugansk. Non- ferrous metallurgy is also developed . This is mainly the aluminum industry, the manufacture of rare and semiconductor materials, precious metals.
Engineering
The level of development of engineering directly indicates the economic well-being of the country. It is this industry that implements all new developments, provides comfortable living conditions for citizens. The industry of Ukraine has about 60 types of production of this type. The assortment is multifaceted: these are computer technologies and marine vessels. There are such types of specialization:
- subject, which is engaged in the production of final products (machines, devices, appliances);
- nodal (motors, designs for the final product);
- detailed (production of individual parts);
- technological (coatings, blanks).
In general terms, this industry is engaged in the production of various types of machines, electrical equipment, and also includes transport engineering. By type of use, civilian and defense products are distinguished. The location of enterprises is quite free, as it does not depend on resources. They are mainly located in regions with a good scientific base and a sufficient number of qualified personnel. Engineering plants are located in Kiev and Lviv. The main guideline is the end user. Shipbuilding is concentrated in Odessa, Mariupol. Kharkov is a large center for the production of agricultural machinery. Automotive industry is an industry that is very popular. Industrial enterprises of this specialization are located in Lutsk, Lviv, Zaporozhye.
Chemical industry of Ukraine
This sector of the economy collects mixed reviews. On the one hand, it can produce substances and materials that do not exist in nature. But on the other hand, its enterprises pollute the environment. In Ukraine, it is represented by the production of dyes, varnishes, plastic products, household chemicals. One of the areas is pharmaceuticals. She makes medicines, disinfectants. The largest enterprises of the pharmacological complex are concentrated in Kiev, Lviv and Kharkov. It is also worth highlighting the petrochemical industry, which is engaged in the production of tires, carbon black. There are four main areas where this industry is well developed: Donetsk, Black Sea, Dnieper and Carpathian. Today, priority areas are the production of mineral fertilizers, plastics, and organic synthesis products.
Light industry enterprises
Today in Ukraine there are about 2000 enterprises that produce fabrics, clothes, shoes. However, compared with the end of the last century, the scale of manufacture of such products has significantly decreased. The needs of the population are provided by a considerable amount of imports. The flax industry uses domestic raw materials, in addition, Ukraine is an exporter of this material. A large number of enterprises appear that sew clothes from fabrics imported from other countries. The light industry of Ukraine also includes the fur and leather industries (raw materials are mainly used by domestic). The famous center for the production of fur coats and other fur products is the city of Tysmenitsa (Ivano-Frankivsk region). In the Poltava region are concentrated enterprises specializing in children's and adult knitwear. Flax industry factories are mainly located in Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr regions. Shoes made in Ukraine are also worthy of attention due to their high-quality tailoring. The main centers of such production are Lviv, Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkov.
Food production
Enterprises involved in the preparation of products for consumption, their processing, are located almost throughout Ukraine. Each region has its own bakery plants, dairies. The sugar industry is well developed in 19 regions. Large meat processing plants are located in Kiev, Donetsk, Odessa, Lviv and other cities. The food industry of Ukraine does not do without the manufacture of sunflower oil, various varieties of wines, honey. There are enterprises that produce canned fruits and vegetables. They are concentrated in Odessa, Kherson, Zaporozhye.
Agriculture
Traditionally, Ukraine is a country in which agriculture is developed at a high level. Due to the characteristics of the soil, the crops are quite large and of high quality. There are two main areas of the industry - animal husbandry and plant growing. In Ukraine, the leading position is the production of crops, legumes, potatoes. Sugar beets and other vegetables are also grown a lot. Another area is the production of chestnut crops. Well, of course, do not forget about berries and mushrooms. Livestock breeding pigs, sheep, different species of poultry. Today there is a huge number of small private farms that produce products of decent quality.