Double consonants are some of the most difficult spelling words. The thing is that these letters are not pronounced as a couple. As a rule, only one sound sounds in their place. Hence the difficulty - the inability to notice the spelling. That is why spelling of words with double consonants begins to take place from elementary school and ends only in grade 7. The rules governing this spelling are many: they relate to the spelling of various parts of the word. Particular attention should be paid to those words where doubled consonants are at the junction of morphemes.
Fundamentally
Words with double consonants in the root, as a rule, belong to the category of vocabulary (their spelling should be remembered). In Russian, this is a combination of LJ and ss .
So, the words “burning”, as well as “reins” or “yeast” must be remembered - they do not obey any rule. Here you need to be especially careful and keep in mind that the roots with alternating consonants are sr (d) / - ss-, with a long pronunciation [g] you should still write [ss]. For example: squeals (im. N., Unit hours) - you are squealing [lzh] and .
As for the combination - ss- , then it is used in the word "quarrel" and in the words descended from it ( quarrel ). You should also write - ss - fundamentally - Ross -: Russia , West-Russian, Little Russia .
It should be remembered that - rus - should be written with one - c - if there is no suffix after - ck -: Rusologist , but Russian . The exception is Belarus .
Do not forget about the numerals. So, in the word "eleven" in the root is written doubled n . The thing is that the token came from the phrase one in twenty (ten).
At the junction of the prefix and the root
Words with double consonants at the junction of the prefix and root in the Russian language are quite numerous. There are a few rules to consider.
Firstly, if the first sound of the root is sonorous - at the end of the prefix it is necessary to use a letter denoting the sonorous sound: starless, annoy, vestibule .
Here, alternation also plays an important role, for example, in the word "heartburn" there will not be a double w (although it can be heard), because there is a special alternation.
And the exact opposite principle: a double deaf consonant is used if the root begins with a deaf: sleeplessness , disperse, shameless, dry out . It is important to adhere to the basic principle of the use of double consonants: they can be used exclusively by a couple, in no case by a triple. If the method of word formation involves a combination of three identical letters side by side - one of them is truncated.
Let's look at an example: quarreled . This word is formed from the verb quarreled with the prefix ras- . Accordingly, three s should stand in a row: two quarrels from the root and one from the prefix ras- . However, according to the well-known spelling principle, one of them is truncated.
It should be remembered that the word "calculation" is written one s. The same rule is preserved in derivative words, for example: calculating, calculating .
In suffix
Double consonant words in the suffix are adjectives and participles. So, words like provocative or cranberry will be written with doubled n . It's all about the suffixes - enn - and - onn -.
Let us cite another 3 words with double consonants in the suffix: constitutional, positional, revolutionary . Note that all these adjectives are formed from the nouns of the nation : constitution, position, revolution .
Two- n- have three exception words in the suffix: glass, tin, and wooden .
In the adjectives novanny / -evanny and derivatives of them (for example, adverbs) is also written double - n- (exception words - forged, chewed ): stuffed, spoiled, uprooted, excited (excited) ,
As for the participles, the suffix –nn– is found in these parts of speech . It takes place if we have the passive participle in the past tense. This rule is often confused, because these words are difficult to distinguish from verbal adjectives in which one letter is written n .
We will analyze similar words with double consonants. Examples are: a read book (a verb adjective) - a book read all evening (communion) - a read book (communion). Another example: a wounded soldier (a verb adjective) - a soldier wounded in a heavy battle (communion) - a wounded soldier .
Looking at these examples, it is easy to conclude that the participle with double- n- in the suffix distinguishes the presence of dependent words or prefixes. These signs can be present both collectively and separately: a soldier wounded in a heavy battle .
On the border of root and suffix
Words with double consonants can have them at the junction of the root and the suffix. It concerns, first of all, adjectives and adverbs formed from them. Teachers argue that in this rule, students are confused most often.
For example, let’s analyze word-formation chains: fog - foggy - foggy. As you can see, the adjective foggy is formed from a noun, the basis of which ends in –n–. from here - the double consonant in the word, which remains in the adverb formed from the adjective - is foggy .
Sleep - sleepy - sleepily - there also takes place the formation of an adjective from a noun with the basis on- n- using the same suffix ( sleepy ). Moreover, double n is also present in the dialect.
Another case where a double consonant is at the junction of the root and the suffix - words with the root -sk- . Only in this version will be written -ss- . For example: Odessa - Odessa (the third -c- was cut according to the principle of the impossibility of a combination of three identical consonants); Gudermes - Gudermes; Russia is Russian, Kotlas is Kotlas . As you can see, the rule applies to all kinds of place names.
Vocabulary loan words
Vocabulary words with double consonants, as a rule, belong to the category of foreign speakers. It should be remembered that in the derivatives of these tokens, the doubled letter remains.
Here are a few examples:
- group - group;
- compromise - compromise;
- point - ten-point;
- ton - two-ton;
- corrosion - anti-corrosion;
- mass - massive.
Writing and Carrying Algorithm
To correctly spell a word with a double vowel, you must:
- Determine what part of the word it is in.
- Find out the way this word is formed.
- Check if the consonant is at the junction of morphemes.
- Identify part of speech (participle or verb adjective).
- Find out the lexical meaning. The fact is that there are words that double the consonant at the junction of the root and the prefix which depends on the meaning. Such are, for example: fake (copy) - and crafts (do-it- yourself product). In the first case, two letters d at the junction of morphemes, and in the second, the prefix po . Another example: run around (run several times) - run around (be in several places for a short time). In the first word, the prefix o- , in the second - ob-
Word wrap with double consonants obeys the following rule: one letter stays on the line, the second goes to the following: morning, consecrated, foggy, angry .
Place in the school course
In the school course, the topic of double consonants is introduced gradually: in elementary school, children are introduced to vocabulary words and their derivatives, such as "group", "gram". Also, younger students learn the rules for their transfer.
Further, in high school, when studying morphology, a topic is introduced when studying the spelling of a particular part of speech. In grades 8–9, the material studied is consolidated, it is systematized (for example, the topic “N and NN in various parts of speech”), knowledge is deepened (analysis of the most difficult cases).
It should be noted that in the GIA and the Unified State Exam tests one of the questions is always devoted to this topic.