The modern market puts forward new conditions for the formation of enterprises. In organizations, the most common use of such management systems as:
- linear organizational structure;
- linear staff;
- linear functional.
The linear organizational structure is characterized by a vertical management system, when the main powers are vested in one person who passes instructions to his deputy, the latter to his own. Such enterprises have several structural units, which are headed by middle managers and which report to the director.
The linear organizational structure of the enterprise has the following advantages:
- clarity and unity of orders;
- consistency in the actions of performers;
- clearly expressed responsibility;
- simplicity in management as there is one communication channel ;
- efficiency of decision making and execution;
- the personal responsibility of managers for the final result of the activities of a particular unit.
The linear organizational structure is logically coherent and defined, but it is not very flexible. Each leader has the power, but small opportunities to resolve difficult situations.
Scientists highlight the shortcomings that a linear organizational structure has:
- the presence of high requirements for the leader, who must have special competence;
- lack of links for the development and preparation of managerial decisions;
- overload with large amounts of information, a lot of contacts with employees;
- the concentration of all power in the hands of a senior manager.
More modern and optimal is the line-head organizational structure . It includes the presence of specialized departments, which do not have decision-making rights and the ability to lead any units, but they should help a particular leader in performing a number of functions. It is about the functions of strategic analysis and planning. Otherwise, the system has the same features as the previous structure.
Advantages of the headquarters system:
- the presence of a deeper study of strategic objectives;
- top managers have more free time because they are not distracted by solving current problems;
- it is possible to attract external experts and consultants.
The line-head structure has the following disadvantages:
- the presence of an insufficiently clear distribution of responsibility, since those who are preparing the decision will not participate in its execution;
- a tendency towards excessive centralization of management.
Linear-functional organizational structure is implemented using a set of units that specialize in a number of specific responsibilities. They are necessary in the control system for optimal decision making.
In this structure, a number of functions are assigned to employees. Specialists of a single profile should be combined into a structural unit. Due to this, a sales, marketing, placement department is formed.
Advantages of the system:
- the presence of high competence of specialists who are responsible for specific functions;
- exemption of top managers from solving special problems;
- formalization, standardization and programming of processes and phenomena.
Disadvantages of the functional structure:
- excessive interest in the implementation of "their" tasks by units;
- there are difficulties in maintaining continuous interconnections between functional departments;
- difficulty in making decisions.