What are immutable consoles and how do they differ from mutable? You will find the answer to this question in the materials of this article. In addition, we will present to your attention several examples of the use of such morphemes.
general information
Before you talk about what constitute unchanging prefixes, you should define this part of the word.
The prefix, or prefix (translated from Latin praefixus means "attached in front") is the part of the word that faces the root. It should be specially noted that there can be several such morphemes (from 1 to 3). For example: on-by-from-cover, when-on-unite , etc.
Features of Russian consoles
Most prefixes in the Russian language coincide in form, and sometimes in meaning, with prepositions or particles. Here are some examples:
- off-road , that is, without a road;
- from underneath , that is, from beneath the forehead;
- verb, that is, from the verb;
- not appearing - not to appear.
Types of consoles
In the Russian language there are unchanging prefixes, mutable and foreign. As for the latter, these include borrowed, which appear in the meaning of:
- very (archi-);
- under (sub-);
- not (anti-);
- all (pan);
- against (counter);
- through (trans), etc.
Fixed consoles
Particular attention during the study of consoles is given to the unchangeable. What is the reason for this, consider a little lower. Now all such prefixes, as well as words with immutable prefixes, will be presented to your attention:
- To- ( walk, get, guess ).
- O- ( stop, hailed, numb, sediment ).
- Pro- ( space, boil, grow, prank ).
- Po- ( compound, believe, rely, cut ).
- Pra- (applies only in special meanings, for example, in the meaning of kinship: great-grandfather, parent language, great-grandmother, etc. ).
- For- ( prisoner, score, wonder, pick up ).
- Na- ( catch up, attack, cover ).
- Over-, in some cases, over- ( crack, bite, tear, label ).
- Sub-, in some cases , sub- ( prompt, thaw, wait, undercut ).
- About-, in some cases, about- (this prefix is used in the following words: to grind, cut, go around, wipe ).
- Pre- ( predecessor, chairman, prejudge ).
- From-, in some cases, from- (this prefix is used in words: push, rest, give, open ).
- B-, in some cases, vo- (this prefix is used in the following words: to grab, to power, to involve, to sew ).
- Pere- ( overfill, humus, skew ).
- C-, in some cases co- (this prefix is used in the following words: to stray, move, make friends, save, surrender, bend, do ).
It should be especially noted that for most people the spelling of unchanged prefixes with- and causes great doubts, especially in such words as here, no zgi, building, local, health.
The initial letter of the listed lexical units is "z". What is the reason for this rule? The unchanged prefixes that were presented above are not in vain referred to as such. After all, they are written in the same way, regardless of the sound in one or another position. And, as you dare to notice, there are no prefix s-among them. And, in general, such a prefix does not exist in the Russian language. This is confirmed by the fact that in the words here, no zgi, building, local and health, the letter "z" enters the root, and is not a prefix. That is why most teachers recommend remembering their spelling, rather than trying to use any rules for them.
To summarize
Now you know that the prefix that is immutable on the letter is a prefix that is written in the same way. In other words, regardless of its position in a particular word, it must be used as described above.
If you remember all of these immutable prefixes listed, then it will be quite easy for you to create a competent text. Indeed, for the correct spelling of these morphemes, there is no need to search for the necessary rules, select words that are as close as possible in meaning, determine a voiced or dull vowel, etc.
But in order to remember all these prefixes, you will need a lot of time. After all, there are not so few of them. To facilitate this task, we recommend proceeding as follows: each prefix unchanged on a letter is fixed in a separate cell of the table, which must be drawn on a separate sheet. In the second column (opposite each prefix), you need to enter a couple of examples - so that they are much easier to remember. Having used this table several times during the creation of any text, you can use irreplaceable prefixes without making mistakes.
Other types of consoles
As mentioned above, in addition to unchanged prefixes, in the Russian language there are also mutable and foreign languages. The latter should also be remembered. It is not difficult to do this, since there are not very many of them. As for mutable prefixes, in this case, great difficulties arise. After all, they obey special rules, which are quite a lot.
So, the following prefixes to be changed include: no- / dem-, roses / ros-, vz- / vs-, raz- / ras-, voz- / vos-, niz- / nis-, iz- / is, through- (through -) / loin- (skull-). Such prefixes are called alternating on "s" and "z". How to use them while writing a letter can be understood from the following rule:
- In such prefixes, the letter “z” is used before voiced consonants, namely before w, c, m, b, s, d, r, d, l, n, y. As for the letter “c,” it is used before the deaf consonants, that is, before m, n, s, f, k, x, w, n, t. Let us cite examples: overthrow / descend, illiterate / incomparable, erect / resurrect, divide / paint, etc.
Also, variable prefixes include raz- (ras -) / roses (-ros), pra- / pro, pre- / pri-. They obey the following rules:
- In the prefixes raz- (ras -) / roses (-ros) the letter "o" is written in the stressed syllable, and in the unstressed position the letter "a".
- In the prefixes, the letter “a” is prefixed with / if there is a prescription. In other cases, the letter "o" is written.
- In the prefixes, the letter “e” is prefixed, if there is a meaning “through”, “very”, “in a different way”, “very” (that is, it is close to re-). The letter “and” is used if there is a meaning of joining, proximity, approaching, bringing the action to the end, incomplete action or associated action.