The Moscow plant Dynamo named after S. Kirov has long been the largest factory in Moscow. He has a glorious rich history associated with the release of Soviet electric locomotives. He specialized in the production of electric motors, electric generators and other electrical equipment. The plant actually ceased to exist. The owner of the plant OJSC "AEC" Dynamo "leases the area of the enterprise.
The beginning of the history of the plant
Dynamo has been leading its history since 1897. Then, on the basis of the joint-stock Belgian company formed the Central Electric Society of Moscow. Here they began assembling in small batches of licensed electric generators, motors, electric equipment for hoisting mechanisms.
The Russian Electric Dynamo Joint Stock Company Dynamo, a company registered in St. Petersburg, passed the plant in 1913. He was soon nationalized. After the revolutionary events of 1917, the plant remained in state ownership.
The beginning of the path of electric locomotive
In the twenties of the last century, the Suram section of the Transcaucasian Railway began to be electrified. This was the beginning of the electrification of the railways of the entire Soviet Union. However, the USSR did not have factories capable of producing electric locomotives at that time - they were acquired abroad with the intention of establishing its own production.
To solve these problems, contracts were signed for the purchase of a batch of electric locomotives in the United States from General Electric and in Italy from Technomazin Brown Bowery. Moreover, in contractual relations, the transfer of all documentation for electric locomotives necessary for the construction of such machines in the USSR was specifically stipulated.
However, only two electric locomotives from this batch were equipped with imported electric motors. The rest had to supply produced at the Dynamo Moscow plant.
The steam locomotive plant in Kolomna was supposed to supply mechanical parts, while Dynamo was responsible for electrical equipment. In the late twenties of the last century, at these enterprises, according to GE documentation, they began to prepare the production of new electric locomotives. In May 1932, the Dynamo plant produced the first engines, which were called DPE-340, designed to equip American cars.
The first Soviet electric locomotives
With the arrival of mechanical parts from Kolomna in August 1932, mass production begins. The first locomotives were denoted by the abbreviation SS "Suram type of Soviet production." But these electric locomotives turned out to be unsuitable for work on most railways of the USSR. This was due to the fact that the load of new locomotives on the rails was excessively high, of the order of 22 ton-force, and the existing ones withstood no more than 20 ton-force.
As a result, there was a need for an electric locomotive capable of operating in the conditions of the Russian railways of that time. To solve this problem, in the spring of 1932, the Dynamo plant began to develop a locomotive that should have 6 movable axles. In August of this year, he went into production. The first copy was rolled out from the factory gate on November 6, 1932. He became the first electric locomotive, fully designed and released in the USSR.
Production of the legendary VL series
Workers Dynamo proposed a new series to designate as overhead lines (Vladimir Lenin). It became known as VL19. The USSR showed this event to the whole world that it has acquired its own electric locomotive industry, and the Dynamo plant (Moscow) has become one of its main components.
In the period from 1933 to 1934, the last 20 SS were manufactured together with the Kolomenskiy factory. The enterprises switched to the release of VL19. From 1934 to 1935, 45 electric locomotives of this type were produced.
In 1935, the plant was named after Kirov. He became the Moscow Electric Machine-Building Plant named after S. M. Kirov. At the same time, the plant’s design bureau is developing a new electric locomotive that could be powered by two types of voltage (1500 and 3000 Volts). This winter, the Dynamo plant manufactures the first experimental locomotive called VL 19-41.
Heyday
Cooperation with the Kolomna plant did not stop. In 1938, they jointly carried out the design of the SS series electric locomotive, with its deep modernization. The bodywork is completely changed. Carts received new design solutions. At the Dynamo plant, they designed electrical circuits for this series, as well as a completely new and advanced electrical equipment. This locomotive went into serial production under the abbreviation VL22. In 1938, they released 6 copies.
At the plant, work was simultaneously conducted aimed at creating an electric locomotive called OP22. It was assumed that this would be the first locomotive in the USSR operating on alternating current. The experimental machine appeared at the end of 1938. However, the launch of the series was stopped due to the start of World War II. The electric locomotive was disassembled, the electrical equipment was transferred for use for other needs.
Before the war, at the Dynamo plant 33 electric locomotives of the VL22 series were built. From the first days of the Second World War, the production of locomotives was discontinued, the plant began to produce equipment for the front.
War years
At the end of 1941, most of the enterprise was relocated to the city of Miass in the Urals. At the beginning of 1942, the first production of military products and electric engines for the needs of aviation and tank building began there. But the rest of the plant in Moscow continued to work. In the period from 1941 to 1945, the Dynamo plant manufactured mortars and shells. Tanks were repaired in the shops of the enterprise. More than 3,000 factory workers went to the front. For feats committed on the battlefields, eight factory workers were awarded the high title of Heroes of the Soviet Union.
Post-war time
After the war, the enterprise begins to gradually recover and switch to the production of peaceful products. Its sites are undergoing reorganization. They are being reconstructed, new workshops are being built. However, despite all the changes, its capacity was not enough to start the production of electric locomotives in large batches. Railways of the USSR experienced a great shortage of electric locomotives due to massive electrification. To solve these problems, a large production facility was built in the city of Novocherkassk, Rostov Region, aimed at producing exclusively electric locomotives (modern NEVZ). In the summer of 1946, the last release of the locomotive on electric traction - VL22-1804, took place at the Dynamo plant. It was the last main locomotive launched at Dynamo. The plant focused on the production of electrical equipment for electric vehicles.
Transition to new production, growth of labor productivity
In the fifties of the last century, the plant focused its production on the production of traction-type electric motors for the subway, trams, trolleybuses and other electric-powered vehicles, as well as for crane equipment. The main products of that period are in demand in the national economy. First of all, these are D-series electric motors, motors for floating drilling rigs, electric motors for shutoff systems of the chemical, oil, nuclear and gas industries.
Since the beginning of the seventies, the labor collective of the plant has been implementing personal plans in practice to increase labor productivity. She received wide support at many factories of the USSR. This led to the fact that in the seventies, production increased by more than 2 times compared to the previous decade. In 1971, the plant was awarded the Order of the October Revolution for special services to the country.
Reorganization period, decline and collapse
In 1974, the Dynamo Moscow Plant became a structural part of the Dynamo electrical and machine-building association. After 15 years, in 1989 this association became the Dynamo Scientific and Production Association. In the 90s of the last century, in the privatization period, the enterprise became a joint-stock electrical company Dynamo.
In 2002, on the basis of a decision of the Moscow Government, the territory of the plant and its production facilities began to be leased. The workshops of the plant became separate independent production structures.
In 2008, any production at the Dynamo plant in Moscow was stopped. It was decided to transfer work and facilities to other units of the company Dynamo-EMF. However, the complete removal of property, including crane equipment with its dismantling, was not made. Since 2010, the Moscow factory was in an abandoned state.
In this regard, it can be stated that the unique engineering specialties, working dynasties, as well as the hundred-year-old traditional school are lost. The legendary plant, having a glorious history, is living out its last days.
On the territory of the plant at ul. Leninsky Sloboda, 2 Currently, two shopping and entertainment centers have been erected - Roomer, Orange Park. The nearest metro station is Avtozavodskaya.
Church in the factory
During the construction of the Dynamo plant, its territory included the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. According to historical chronicles, in this place in 1370 Fedor Simonovsky created a monastery. The place was then called Old Simon. A stone church was built on its territory from 1509 to 1510. In 1785-1787, the rest of the church and monastery buildings were also replaced by stone ones.
In the middle of the XIX century the church was rebuilt again. In the refectory, two chapels were created: St. Nicholas and St. Sergius. In 1870, cast iron tombstones dedicated to Alexander Peresvet and Andrei (Rodion) Oslyaby were installed in the Sergievsky chapel.
The fact is that on the church territory they found the burial of the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo. The history of the life of Sergius of Radonezh reports that before going to the Mongol-Tatars, Prince Dmitry visited him to receive a blessing. The saint, after blessing him in battle, sent two monks with his army, namely Peresvet and Oslyaby. Both of them came from well-known princely families and possessed weapons well.
The history of the Battle of Kulikovo describes in detail the fight between Peresvet and Chelubey, a prominent warrior of the Tatar-Mongol Horde. In this battle, the Russian monk died, as did the second one sent with him - Oslyaby. Both were buried in Old Simonovo, in the immediate vicinity of the wooden church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Subsequently, they were counted among the saints.
In 1928 the church was closed, and after three years the bell tower was demolished. Commemorative tombstones sent for scrap. After the Dynamo plant began to expand, the temple became part of its territory. Access to it was closed. The church building was used as an industrial building. As a result, it began to decay and collapse.
Despite the appeal to the city authorities of famous people, among whom was D.S. Likhachev, the plant transferred the church to the Historical Museum only in 1987. It was returned to believers in 1989. The second consecration was held in the fall of 2010. In 2006, the bell tower was restored, the bell "Peresvet" weighing 2200 kg was placed there. It was donated to the church from Bryansk, which was the birthplace of Peresvet and Oslyaby.
Currently, the church is completely restored. It recreated wall painting, an iconostasis, an ancient interior. Her address is the same as that of the factory: st. Leninsky Sloboda, 2, in the immediate vicinity of the Avtozavodskaya metro station.
In the church courtyard, you can still see the sad legacies of the past power. This is a broken bell, as well as fragments of gravestones from which the curb was made. After the construction of the Simanovsky business district on the territory of Dynamo, as well as the demolition of some industrial buildings, access to the church became free.