The preposition is the auxiliary part of speech, which means the subject belongs to the object, their relationship to each other. It expresses the so-called syntactic dependence of the following parts of speech: numeral, pronoun, noun - from others. And its main feature is that the preposition is a service word that is not used independently. And this applies to all languages.
Prepositions in German
The role of this part of speech in this language is exactly the same as in our native Russian. Everything is simple and clear here. A preposition is a part linking groups of words with each other. Usually they stand in front of the word to which they belong. An example should be given. Das Fenster (translated as “window”), der Tisch (table). You can combine these words into a single phrase. It will turn out the following: “Der Tisch an dem Fenster”, which can be translated as “a table by the window”. It should also be noted that prepositions serve to determine the case of a noun, and often a pronoun. But only in those cases if these parts of speech are after the preposition. They are used both with one case and with several at the same time. However, some prepositions are used both after the noun and before it.
Matching Verbs
I must say that many verbs in the German language must have after themselves certain additions or prepositions, and in a certain case. In some cases, the meaning of the prepositions that control verbs does not coincide with the translation of Russian analogues. There is one striking example. The phrase “I think of you” is translated into German as “Ich denke an dich”. If you literally understand this sentence, then it will sound in Russian like this: "I think u / on you." By the way, many people have problems with understanding on this basis. The Russians are striving to literally translate one or another sentence in order to convey the essence to their German interlocutor as accurately as possible, and as a result, due to the incorrect use of prepositions, the opponent simply does not understand the utterance. We must not forget about it. That is why you need to learn the list of prepositions, and also train them to apply.
First group
Prepositions, like many other parts of speech, are divided into several groups. There are only three of them. These are those that after themselves do not require any specific case - the first group. The second includes those that are controlled exclusively by one case, as well as a group of data particles controlled by two cases (Akkusativ and Dativ). And if we talk about what is a pretext in the literature, it is worth considering each of the groups. So, als and wie are those who afterwards do not need a certain case. After them, parts of speech change as members of a sentence. You can give an example: Ich kannte ihn schon als Lehrer (here the pronounced Nominativ), and this sentence is translated somewhat illogical: “I knew when he was a teacher myself”. There is another option, inclined by Akkusativ. It sounds like this: Ich kannte ihn schon als Lehrer. And translated accordingly: "I knew him when he was still a teacher." Although, again, it is only in Russian that these phrases sound so, in German both versions are very logical.
Second group
To such, as has already been said, are those pretexts that are governed only by case. And this is not uncommon, since many of them are such. Here is a list of those who rule Akkusativ (accusative): wider, pro, um, ohne, per, gegen, je, durch, für, dis. For example, the following sentence: Ich gehe durch den Straße. It translates as "I am walking down the street." Next: the prepositions that govern the Dativ (dative). These include entgegen, aus, gemäß, mit, bei, seit, nach, zu, zuliebe, von, gegenüber. By the way, it is worth noting that many prepositions are combined with other words. And there are a lot of such cases. For example, zu + sammenlegen - add; vor + bei - by, etc. And the last group is those prepositions that rule Genitiv (genitive). Here are some of them: diesseits, unterhalb, oberhalb, jenseits, ungeachtet, infolge, as well as many others. You can see that this group includes the most complex prepositions. And, by the way, there are more of them than the rest. They also manage only one case.
Third group
These are the pretexts that control two cases at once. These include the following words: unter, vor, neben, hinter, in, an, auf, über, zwischen. The listed words are managed by Akkusativ and Dativ. And in this case, it all depends on the context. Suppose if the phrase has the word “wohin?” (translation: “where?”) and further we are talking about an action carried out with a goal, then in this case the prepositions, which are now mentioned, are applied with the Akkusativ case. Thus, the purpose of the action is syntactically indicated. It looks like this: “Er setzte sich neben mich” - he sat next to me. In general, the topic of prepositions is quite simple, the main thing is to give it a little time and turn your attention to the features that were listed earlier. In this case, it will be easier to learn and remember. The preposition is not such a difficult topic as irregular verbs, moreover, it is very simple to practice. In general, any teacher will advise his student, who already more or less understands German speech, to immerse himself in the language environment, if possible. Even if there is no way to fly to Germany, then practice is possible at home. Better to start with movies, interviews, songs. It is known that auditory memory is one of the most faithful and reliable. German is easy to hear. Here the most important thing is attention, because at first the speech may seem incomprehensible, in principle, as in the case with other foreign languages, if a person hears them for the first time.