A literary language is a processed type of a nation-wide language that has written approved norms. This is the language of each of the manifestations of culture, which is expressed in verbal form.
It is always the result of collective creative activity. The wording of the “fixedness” of the norms of the language has a certain relativity. Despite its importance and stability, the norm will always be mobile in time. It is impossible to imagine a developed modern culture of a people without a rich and modern language. This is the great social significance of the presented problem of the literary language.
Features and specifications
Linguists do not have a single opinion regarding the complex and versatile concept of a literary language. Many experts strive not to represent it as a whole, and are divided into several types:
- written language
- colloquial,
- publicistic,
- schooling
- domestic,
- fiction
- formal business and others.
It should be understood that the language of fiction and literary are not the same thing, although these two concepts are correlated. In the first version, there is a lot of individuality introduced by each writer, so here you can observe some differences from what are generally recognized norms.
Literary language is the property of everyone who owns its norms. It is used in written and colloquial form. In different historical epochs among many peoples, the level of similarity of the language of fiction and the literary language varies greatly.
What are the differences
There is a difference between the national language and the literary. The first can appear in the form of the second, but these concepts also have their own peculiarity. It lies in the fact that not always a literary language can immediately become national. For this, time must pass and certain conditions in the public consciousness take shape.
Scientists define the literary language as a sub-dialect subsystem of the national language. It can be characterized by such features as normativity, multifunctionality, stylistic diversity, and increased social prestige between its carriers. Literary language is considered the main means to fulfill the communicative needs of society. It is contrasted with the uncodified subsystems of the language. These are dialects, urban vernacular, social and professional jargon.
The language norm is a system of rules that streamlines the use of language tools during speech. These rules are not only socially approved, they are objective due to real speech practice. This situation reflects the regularity of the language system.
The concept of "norms of the modern Russian language" can be extended to all areas of the literary language. Let's look at each of them.
Vocabulary
The lexical norms of the modern Russian language, basically, imply the correct choice of the word, as well as the appropriateness of its use in the well-known meaning and combination with other words. The stylistic, territorial and social stratification of vocabulary, that is, vernacular and jargon, dialecticism or professional expressions, plays a direct relation to this. The sphere of vocabulary is closely connected with the material and spiritual life of our society, due to which it is subject to non-linguistic influence, expressed in various forms. The formation and improvement of norms takes place in a complex, often unpredictable way.
How acceptable the word is, how correctly it was used, is associated with the ideology and worldview of the carriers. In this regard, categorical decisions are very common, which are based solely on the personal perception of linguistic facts. The most complete and objective description of the lexical norms of the modern Russian language is displayed in the explanatory dictionaries of authoritative scientists. You should definitely get acquainted with them in order to masterfully master your speech.
Stress in words
The stress standards in modern Russian language provide for the correct pronunciation, which is also a key sign of competent speech. The variety and change of emphasis can be due to several reasons - this is the influence of territorial dialects, interlanguage relations, as well as the influence of foreign accentological standards. Socio-professional speech aspects also affect.
Nevertheless, the key factors in the development of stress are the reasons that are of an intra-systemic nature: the analogy affects, that is, the comparison of some linguistic facts to a more standard homogeneous category of words, as well as a tendency to ethnic balance. This causes the stress to be transferred from the extreme syllables to the central ones. Some peoples (for example, the Greeks) do not have such problems. They have a fixed rule when writing words in which there are more than 1 syllable, put an accent mark. This applies to absolutely all forms of language - journalistic, official-business, fiction, and others. Unfortunately, there are no such stress standards in modern Russian, therefore, people often pronounce the same word in different ways, which is a big problem. Examples of such words: apartment-apartments, expert - expert, means - means.
Orthoepic norm
It implies the correct pronunciation of words, which is a key feature of speech culture. The main features of the development of the pronunciation rate in modern Russian are the elimination of various dialect sounds in oral speech. There are some orthoepic norms for pronouncing vowels and consonants. So, for the first, in many words, an unstressed "o" may sound like "a" (the road is daroga, fire is agony). When pronouncing consonants, very often "ts" is replaced by "ts" (laughs-daredevil), "chn" by "shn" (Lukinichna - Lukinishna) and many others.
Such replacement options are generally calmly accepted if they are used in colloquial speech, and not in writing. However, in some dialects there are such deviations from orthoepic norms that can cause irritation in others (for example, what-what).
Spelling
In this concept, the norms of the modern Russian language are officially adopted rules that consolidate the uniformity of written speech transmission. The first scientific description of the norms presented was made by Academician Grot. Only thanks to the legislative order is spelling regulated. Spelling dictionaries also help.
Morphology
Such grammatical norms of the modern Russian language are the rules for word formation and inflection. It is necessary for everyone to observe them, regardless of the dialect, accent and other individual characteristics. Derogations may be permitted only in the language of fiction. Writers often use this technique to highlight some feature of their hero or to draw the attention of readers to something.
Compared to other language levels, morphology is relatively easier to unify. A change in the grammatical norms of the modern Russian language is associated with historical events, and is also caused by the influence of various internal systemic factors, such as the contradiction of the form and content of language elements, the influence of grammatical analogies. For the presented norm, the characteristic is the dependence on the selection of the word form from the constructions.
The concept of grammar standards of the modern Russian language includes the correct use of the words feminine, masculine and neuter. Examples:
- no winter coat, not a coat,
- good shampoo, not good shampoo.
Also, this concept includes the ability to correctly use abbreviations, words in different cases, in the singular and plural.
Syntax
The syntactic norms of the modern Russian language suggest the correct formation of grammatical constructions, as well as the fulfillment of the forms of coordination of the sentence members with each other. Changes can be caused by external factors, as well as due to intrasystemic reasons.
Ethical standards
Another aspect of the culture of speech in the norms of the modern Russian literary language is ethics. Each society has its own standards of behavior, which will certainly include:
- Speech etiquette, as the choice of appeal to “you” or to “you”.
- Full or abbreviated name when handling.
- Choice of appeal (citizen, madam, master).
- Greetings (hello, salute, hello).
Ethical standards most often have a national character. For example, the method of contacting “You” in English and German is not as wide as in Russian. The same languages ​​easily allow the use of abbreviated names. One of the prerequisites for an excellent mastery of the Russian language is knowledge of etiquette and the basic norms of the modern Russian language.
Dialects
The science that studies the territorial variety of language is called dialectology. It allows you to make adjustments to the concept of the norm of the modern Russian literary language and studies the synthetic, phonetic, semantic features of speech.
Literature is considered a language for everyday communication, for official and business documentation, for education, writing, culture and much more. Its distinguishing feature is standardization, that is, the use of rules, the implementation of which is considered mandatory for all members of society. They are fixed in grammar books, as well as in dictionaries. Dialectology also unifies various dialectic pronunciations in order to expand cultural and economic ties between different ethnic groups.
Govor does not have a written embodiment in the form of norms and rules. For the Russian dialect, only the oral form of existence is characteristic, which is fundamentally different from the literary language, in which there is also a written form.
A dialect is the smallest territorial variety of language that residents of one or more neighboring villages can use. The area of ​​use of the dialect is much narrower than the area of ​​use of the literary language, which is considered a means of communication between all people who speak Russian.
Literary language and dialects are constantly touching and influencing each other. It is enhanced by schooling, radio and television. Gradually, the dialect is destroyed, loses its characteristic features.
Phrases or words that denoted ceremonies, concepts, customs or everyday objects that were traditional for villages are leaving or have already gone with the people of the old generation. That is why it is so important to fully and thoroughly describe the living language of the countryside. This affects many types of norms of the modern Russian language - ethical, syntactic, orthoepic.
On the territory of our country for a long time the neglect of local dialects dominated. They were perceived as a phenomenon that must be fought. But it was not always so. In the middle of the XIX century in Russia there was a maximum peak of public interest in relation to popular speech. In those days, various dictionaries and scientific papers were published, where dialect words and expressions were first collected. Lovers of Russian literature actively helped compile material for such dictionaries, and various magazines and provincial sheets actively published various graphic sketches from dictionaries of local sayings and dialectal descriptions in their numbers.
A radically opposite attitude to dialect occurs in the 30s of the XX century. During the “breaking up” of the villages, during the period of collectivization, calls for the destruction of the old methods of housekeeping, family life, and also the culture of the peasantry were boldly proclaimed. Thus, all manifestations of spiritual and material life in the village were suppressed. A negative attitude towards dialect was actively spreading in society, the peasants themselves began to perceive the village as a place from where to escape to the cities. For a successful existence, it was necessary to forget everything that connected with the past, including the language they spoke. An entire generation of rural residents deliberately abandoned their native dialect, failing to fully switch to the new system of literary language and master it properly. Forced observance of the norms of the modern Russian language significantly influenced the cultural development of society.
Respect and respect for their dialects are common to many peoples. It is very interesting and instructive to study the experience of countries in Western Europe, such as Austria, France, Switzerland, Greece. For example:
- In several French schools in provincial towns, a special elective in the native dialect is introduced. Grade for this course falls into the certificate.
- In Switzerland and Germany, a similar literary and dialectic bilingualism is adopted, which is accompanied by constant communication in a dialect in families.
In Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, educated people moved from villages to the capital, using the literary language in society, and at home, on their estates, when communicating with peasants or neighbors, they often could use the local dialect.
Nowadays, many people have a double attitude to their dialect. They compare the pronunciation of words adopted in their area with the universally recognized. The observed differences between "one's own" and "another's" may have different meanings. For some, the native dialect is correct, and the generally accepted one is funny and ridiculous. Others are embarrassed to pronounce the words in a different way than all other people, for example, those shown on television. Thanks to this, the realized cultural value of the system of norms of the modern Russian language is formed.
The formation of new words
The enrichment of the language can occur not only through the formation of new words, but also through the formation of new meanings.
The formation of a new meaning helps fill the gap in the notation of “sign - concept”. It is worth noting that the use of the old word in its new meaning is more acceptable than the use of descriptive turns.
For example, the word "militia" was reinforced in the Russian language with the meaning "the body that is part of the Ministry of the Interior." Its task is to maintain order in the country. When the word police lost the former meaning of “military service”, it turned out to be not so important for the language. Now the police often call the place where the violator can be sent.
The word "entrant" relatively recently entrenched in its new meaning as a person who enters a university. This freed us from the need to use a descriptive expression each time. However, the "entrant" previously had a different meaning: "a person who graduates from high school." For the language, it was not vital, because in the vocabulary before that there was another designation of the presented concept - “graduate”.
The word “synthetics” has a new meaning in the language, as a synthetic material or product made of it. This is a very convenient short designation for the current phenomenon in modern times. This allowed him to find structural support for the Russian language system.
Cases of extended use of the word with the indispensable preservation of its semantic core are also considered permissible. Such use is motivated and advisable due to the fact that it is based on the use of the old form and the classic, already familiar meaning. This avoids mental stress for memorizing new words. For example, as. This can be said not only about the pilot, but also about the master of his craft, a real virtuoso. "Assortment" - this applies not only to goods, but also to a combination of various objects or phenomena.
In such cases, extended use is not subject to the terms of the designation. It is not used to fill the gap in the system of "sign - concept." The essence of this consolidation is the expressiveness and freshness of the new use, which is considered a key factor for enriching the norms of the modern Russian language.
As noted earlier, the norms of usage form the correct choice of the word and the appropriateness of its use in the generally accepted meaning and combination. Its development may be accompanied with certain difficulties. . , , , . , . , , , .
Ambiguity assumes that a word has several meanings, each of which is used in a specific context (observation post and church post, brick wall and furniture wall). However, there are other cases. For example, the verb “listen” has the meaning “listen from beginning to end”, as well as “listen, not perceiving, not penetrating”. It is not always clear in what specific sense it is used, especially in the proposal submitted: "The defendant listened to his accusation." The appearance of such ambiguity is categorically not allowed for legal documents.
Correct word selection
Great difficulties arise when using paronyms, cognate words that have a similar sound, but have a partial or completely different meaning. For example, “provide” and “present”.
Language practice often confronts us with the choice of one of these verbs in various combinations. For example, submit or submit a report. The verbs used have the same structure and similar sound form, but have different meanings. In the new explanatory dictionaries, the word “present” can have several variations:
- Reward (submit to the order).
- Present something, show something (provide help).
- Introduce or recommend (introduce a friend to your relatives).
- Imagine something (you need to imagine how this will happen).
- Select someone (introduce delegates to the congress).
- To depict, reproduce (present to the public the situation unfolding in the play).
The verb “provide” has two main meanings:
- Give the opportunity to use.
- Act in a certain way.
As you can see, these verbs do not have a common meaning. However, due to the similarities in the structure of the sound form, their mixing often occurs. Of course, in colloquial speech this can easily be overlooked. As we said earlier, in official documentation such errors can be critical. Using the words of paronyms certainly requires prudence and attentiveness.
Some difficulties sometimes arise when choosing the right word from the list of synonyms. Everyone knows that they differ in their meaning and application. For example, you can use the synonymous series: famous, wonderful, famous, outstanding, large. It is most often used in relation to people. All these words have approximately the same meaning, but they can not always be used as synonyms.
Each of them carries its own load: the phrase "famous scientist" suggests that. that a person is known in wide circles of society, and the “outstanding scientist” emphasizes that this person has made important discoveries for society.
As you can see, synonyms can have different uses. Some of them are considered bookish, others are colloquial, and others are commonly used or neutral.
In legal practice, cases often arise that are associated with incorrect selection of words from a synonymous series. Using it not in the meaning that was planned, you can significantly complicate or delay the solution of the issue.
The words “testimony” or “show” are constantly used in legal practice. To avoid their repetition, lawyers try to resort to the search for synonyms for replacement, while making serious mistakes. The fact is that such words as “declare”, “tell” and others will not be exact synonyms. For the verb “show”, the terminological meaning is “give an answer during interrogation”. The meaning of the word “say” is “to express something verbally”, and “communicate” is “to communicate”. None of the aforementioned verbs carries that essential attribute as “an answer during interrogation”. Based on this, only the verb “show” can be perceived as a legal term. Only in certain cases can it be replaced by synonyms.
Professional words and terms are not the only way to denote various concepts that takes place in the work of lawyers. To avoid repeating words, they can be replaced by others that are closer in meaning. It is important to observe the accuracy and appropriateness of using the new option in each case.
It follows from this that following the basic norms of the modern Russian literary language is a prerequisite for correct speech. Forming them, it is very important to take into account the meaning of the word, which was recorded in the explanatory dictionary, the appropriateness of their use in a particular saying. Violation of the norms of the modern Russian language always entails the formation of errors and misunderstanding. This is not always appropriate in colloquial speech, and in writing it is completely not allowed.
conclusions
The linguistic norms of the modern Russian language are the accepted rules in general speech practice among educated people. They relate to pronunciation, grammar and other language means. These are the rules for using words. The concept of the norm of the modern Russian language is formed as a result of the social and historical selection of various elements of the language. They can be formed or extracted from the passive stock of the past, elevated to the status of common or suitable.
The concept of the norms of the modern Russian language and usage means the correct choice of a word. The appropriateness of its use in the generally accepted meaning and combination is also considered.
The lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language can be violated very often. This is explained by the fact that the variability of norms leads to the indispensable coexistence of the new and old versions, as well as the fact that it is difficult to assimilate stress in Russian. It can be mobile and diverse.
Morphological norms of the modern Russian language characterize the choice of the form of the word. The most common prerequisite for the diversity of morphology is the mixing and interaction of old language structures, types of conjugation and other methods of forming grammatical forms. These linguistic norms of the modern Russian language, like all others, are not unchanged. However, the main feature of the morphological norm is their relative stability and a small number of reduction options.
The syntactic form of the norm of the modern Russian literary language can be associated with the rules for the formation of phrases and sentences. Variation arises in the modern language due to various factors, each of which must be carefully studied and considered in order to communicate correctly and correctly.