What does the word "walking" mean, and when it first appeared. History and lexical meanings are discussed in this article.
History of occurrence
The word "circulation" fell into the Russian language even from Old Slavonic - the first written language in Russia. This is evidenced by the alternation of -zh- and -zhd- in the root (the Russian word "I go"). And since there were borrowings from church books - the first known literature of Russia - stylistically they correspond to the class of high vocabulary.
An example of a word with a bright stylistic coloring can serve as the Old Slavonic "milk", which can be found more in spiritual literature than in ordinary life. Russian “milk”, on the contrary, spread in colloquial speech and, after the reforms of the Russian language, became established in its literary version.
A different situation occurred with the word considered in the article. “What is walking” is a question not only for sensible, but also for a dictionary of literary concepts.
The meaning of the word in modern Russian
The lexical meaning of the word “walking” in the general sense, like any word in the Russian language, is reflected in its root. In this case, this is the root of the move, with alternating consonant sounds (wah- / walk). Such a variety of variants of the root of the same root words is due to historical reasons: some words existed in the preliterate period, that is, in the Russian language itself, and some came from Old Slavonic.
If you build a word-building nest of the word “walking”, then the root of the word “walk” will be the generating base, and the lexical meaning is the action or person that displays the semantic load of the verb. Thus, the definition of the word “walking” in the modern language: it is a noun denoting the process from the verb “walk”.
Since the word came from the language of Church Slavonic books, it had a religious coloring, as well as the root word "walker". Walkers are those who have walked, that is, a trip on foot. What could be the first walks of people, mostly tied to daily labor on earth? The most common “tramps” are seekers of truth, that is, pilgrims. Thus, the initial meaning of the word in question is associated with the search for spiritual knowledge, insight, through a long walk through unfamiliar lands.
However, there is another meaning of the word “walking” in Old Russian literature, as a section of literary disciplines.
Genre originality of walks of Ancient Russia
“Walking” or “walking” is an epic genre of literature of Ancient Russia that describes travel. From the point of view of literary criticism, Nikolai Ivanovich Prokofiev, a Soviet mediaevist, made a great contribution to the study of these works. He classified walks by type, depending on their semantic load. There are five of them: travelers, skazki, documentary and artistic works of a sketching nature, article lists and legendary stories.
The first group (travelers) are short guides with practical tips on how to get to a place. Article lists are business in nature, as they describe the overseas trips of ambassadors to diplomatic missions. Legendary or fictional stories are works of the journalistic genre that could contain paraphrases of scripture and apocryphal stories.
The group of walks, with the common name “skasky”, is the stories of Russian people who visited other countries, or strangers who came to Russia. Such stories were recorded after the narrator who verbally reproduces them. The narrator’s personal impressions reflect the essence of the fifth group of walks, documentaries and artworks. They are most interesting from the point of view of literary criticism, since to a greater extent than other types of walks, they meet the requirements of artistic expression.
The interest of literary criticism
What is circulation in ancient Russian literature? For historians and linguists, all categories of this genre are of interest, while for literary studies the practical notes of travelers or the business tone of article lists are not particularly interesting. The main interest is concentrated on documentary works of art containing the impressions of the narrator. Personal emotions in the text of the work are the guarantee of expressive vocabulary, an important component of the literary and artistic language.
Monuments of Old Russian Literature
The most famous and oldest literary literary work of a traveling nature is “The Life and Walk of Abbot Daniel from the Russian Land”, referring, like the “Tale of Bygone Years,” to the 12th century. The work is dedicated to the difficult journey of the Russian abbot across the territory of the newly formed Jerusalem state (Palestine) during the period of the Cross Wars. The author also describes the meeting with the local king, who honored the abbot with his attention.
It is possible to understand that such a walk can also be made from such monuments of ancient Russian and medieval literature as “Walking to Constantinople” by Dobrynia Yadreikovich, “Walking” by Trifon Korobeinikov, merchant Vasily Poznyakov or monks Jonah Malny and Arseny Sukhanov.
The best example of walks was recognized as a work of the 15th century - “Walking Over Three Seas” by Athanasius Nikitin. It tells about the travel of the Tver merchant to India, however, it is deprived, unlike previous examples of the genre, of a religious orientation. This is perhaps one of the most famous examples of this genre of medieval literature, answering the question of what circulation in literary criticism is.