One of the most popular tools for machining metal is the cutter. It allows you to perform many technological operations. In this article we will consider a metal turning tool, its components, classification and purpose.
Compound elements
There are a huge number of different cutters, and all of them consist of two parts: the holder and the working part.
The first is designed to fix the cutting tool in a metal cutting machine, and the second serves to process the required surface.
Depending on the type of tool, it can be either solid or prefabricated. From the name it becomes clear that the latter is not completely cast, and the working part of the tool has a mechanical fastening of the replaceable plate. When one of the cutting edges is ground, the plate is unscrewed and turned over. If the turning tool for metal is solid, then when the cutting edge is blunted (the so-called wear), it must be re-sharpened or re-soldered.
Installation and method of operation
It is very important to correctly install the cutter in the tool holder, since the quality of the obtained product and the wear rate of the working tool will depend on this. It must be fixed so that the top is on the line of the center of the machine. The method of working a turning tool for metal is quite simple - it cuts off the necessary layer of metal. For this, the cutter is brought to the part fixed in the cartridge and rotating at the required speed. As a result, chips are formed from the removed layer. For rough grinding, a machining allowance is chosen much more than for finishing. In addition, it should be borne in mind that if the feed is too high, the surface quality of the part can significantly decrease.
Classification
As mentioned earlier, there are a huge number of very different incisors.
They are classified:
- By appointment: for turning the outer conical and cylindrical surfaces - boring, for boring holes - boring, for cutting - detachable. Using a metal turning tool, you can cut threads, grind shaped and transition surfaces, and groove ring grooves.
- According to the material of manufacture. The thing is that the cutting part of the tool must have increased hardness, high viscosity, wear resistance and red resistance. For this reason, for the manufacture of some types of turning tools, the so-called rapids are used - these are high-speed steels P9, P12, P6M5 and the like. Another group is tungsten-cobalt alloys VK8, VK6. The third group - tool steels U11A, U10A, U12A.
- By design parameters: solid and prefabricated, straight and bent, drawn and curved.
- By sectional shape: round, square, rectangular.
- By the quality of processing: rough (cutting), semi-finishing and finishing (passing).
Appointment
Cutters are used on turning, grooving, planing, rotary and revolving machines. Their design allows you to perform a variety of operations: turning, boring, cutting, cutting external and internal threads, chamfering, chiselling, hole machining, etc. It is also interesting that precast turning tools, plates of which are made of carbide metals, can differ in purpose .
It is very comfortable. On the same holder, you can alternately attach different cutting parts and get a completely different tool. In addition, their use helps to avoid operations such as soldering and sharpening. This greatly facilitates the work and increases the life of the instrument. In order to correctly perform this or that operation using the cutter, the cutting modes for each pass are calculated. They necessarily take into account the type of cutter and its material. It is from the calculations obtained that the cutting speed, the feed rate during turning, boring and other operations using this cutting tool depend.