Any sentence in Russian consists of a grammatical basis, including the subject and predicate (main members). In addition, sentences may have secondary members (this applies to common designs).
It is known that each minor term refines or spreads the main word. They can refer to any other member of the proposal.
• Definitions answer the questions “Which? Whose?” Indicate the attribute or affiliation of the item. (My brother’s scarf (whose?). The staircase (which?) Is wooden. The steps (which?) Are made of stone. She did not fulfill the promise (which?) To return.) May be agreed (a wooden step) or inconsistent (a wooden step).
• Circumstances answer adverbial questions, explain words that have the meaning of an action or attribute. (Work (how long?) Before sunset. Find (where?) In the room, happen (contrary to what?) Forecasts).
• Addition. This member of the sentence (secondary) explains the primitive word, indicates the object or person, that is, the object to which the predicate directs its action. Addition questions are questions of indirect cases. (He told (what?) About the trip. Far (from what?) From the truth. To love (whom?) Parents. To be content with (what?) Part).
There are different types of supplements. There are direct and indirect additions. You can determine the type using the case question to which they answer.
Direct addition is most often expressed by the nominal part of speech, standing at the main word in the accusative case, necessarily without an excuse. (We listened to (what?) Music. We saw (whom?) Friends).
In the presence of negation, a direct complement can be expressed by a noun standing in the genitive case without an excuse. (The sister did not leave (what?) A note. She did not utter (what?) A word).
If this member of the sentence partially covers the subject, then the genitive case denoting part of the whole can be used to express it. (The man drank (what?) Water. Cut him (what?) Bread).
When separating the sentence members, it must be remembered that the direct addition answers exclusively to case questions. This is important because with the addition, the circumstance of time is often confused. In the design “I read the whole night” the word “night” answers the question “how much?”, Therefore it is a circumstance.
Indirect and direct complement can spread the most different parts of speech.
Indirect are expressed by nouns, adverbs, numerals and other parts of speech.
• Verbal - relate to verbs (Compote drink (from what?) From a glass. They spoke (what?) About love). Verbal addenda are divided into direct and indirect.
• Customary and accepted indirect additions, examples:
In the kitchen thundered utensils (n.). We always hope for the good (substantiated adj.). To this (pronoun.) All aroused increased interest. We have been waiting for two (num.) From school for a long time. Brother and sister were sent for shopping (a nominal combination of words).
In our language, there are often constructions in which an indirect addition is expressed by the infinitive (Guests asked Ivan to sing).
Regardless of the way of expression, questions of addition should always be correlated with questions of cases (He was asked (what?) To tell about himself).
Linguists have repeatedly spoken about the need to separate indirect additions and definitions (inconsistent). In most cases, this distinction is possible. For example, if an indirect complement is expressed by a noun formed from a verb, the genitive case of the subject indicates an inconsistent definition (meeting colleagues - colleagues meet; landing liner - the liner sat down).
The genitive of an object always indicates an addition (harvesting apples - picking apples; reading a book - reading a book).
However, it often happens that the parameters of delimiting the adopted supplement and definition (inconsistent) cannot be established (team member, division commander, glass with compote, message about the conference, dream of the future). In these cases, the lack of clearly visible grammatical parameters for distinguishing between definitions and additions gives the possibility of dual interpretation.