In books, some heroes speak a simple language, but this does not make the book non-literary. Where is the border that defines the literary language? Everyone knows that there are unprintable words. If they are embedded by the author in the character’s mouth, they are usually replaced by dots, dashes or analogues of the “yeshkin cat” type.
The question requires research: is a vernacular word an acceptable speech or not? And if so, when can I use it? What are the norms of the Russian language and what happens if they are not followed? First, let's look at the dictionaries.
What dictionaries say
Ozhegov’s dictionary interprets this concept this way: a vernacular word is a word of non-literary colloquial use. In linguistics, it, together with colloquial expressions, improper lexical or phonetic use of literary words, is called "colloquial." The psychological encyclopedia adds: this is a word that is not part of everyday and public speech. Ushakov's dictionary calls such words gross.
In other dictionaries and reference books we find the same characteristics with small additions:
- Shade of simplification.
- Characterized by expression.
- Bordering on vulgarisms, slangism, argo.
Eloquence is characteristic of non-normativeness, it is used by poorly educated people with a small vocabulary. Difficult to express their thoughts, they use colloquial words. Basically, their list does not go beyond the description of domestic and family situations.
A common feature of the vernaculars was their isolation, super-dialect. These are uncodified words of the Russian language, their composition and boundaries are historically variable.
Common words
There are two types of colloquial words: those that carry expression and lack it. Expressively colored words can have a whole gamut of shades, from positive to sharply negative. Part of the vernacular are obscene words.
Common words are formed from literary in the following ways:
- Wrong accent (magazin, procent).
- The formation of an incorrect morphological form (ottudova, places).
- Declination of non-declining words (finger, kin, meterA).
- Change in the gender of nouns (piano, apples, tomatoes).
- The formation of the wrong pronouns (theirs, whose, theirs, theirs, theirs).
- The participles that fulfill the role of the predicate (vypimsya, tired).
- Creation of an irregular phonetic form (colidor, tram, spinjack).
In linguistics, another meaning of colloquiality is distinguished - expressive words used in the literature to give colors to the character's speech. These words have synonyms in literary speech. Examples of colloquial words with synonyms:
- To steal is to communize.
- To kill - to kill.
- Eyes are countersinks.
- There is - to eat.
- Touch - touch.
- Kiss - sleep.
- The face is a snout.
The stories of M. Zoshchenko abound in such words and phrases. His characters characterize themselves.
In what cases are used in the literature
A colloquial word is a bright paint used by a writer. The goal he pursues, using such words, may be the following:
- The deliberate shocking of the reader (it raids through gully);
- A settled expression (you were not standing here);
- Author's expression (go, embellishing);
- Speech characteristics of the character (who sewed an aunt, he stole his hat).
Separately, the use of colloquial words in newspapers should be noted. The language of the media is far from pure literary. It obeys special rules (errors are not meant here). Orientation of the text to a specific audience makes it justifiable to include a large number of youth slang, fashionable expressions and vernacular in it.
When inappropriate
In official correspondence, sentences with colloquial words are completely unacceptable. They should also be avoided in the speaker’s speech. You can give examples of unacceptable sentences from a speaker’s speech at a team meeting:
- You will come to the dining room, you want to eat, and there is one compote.
- Contractors again fell for us that would help resolve the issue. They only scream at our painters.
- The foreman demanded to redo the work, and the plasterer Ivanov became enraged, beat himself with a heel in the chest and cursed.
- Hope to fulfill the plan was bent and covered with a copper basin ..
- And do not sway, comrades, when you are sent on vacation in the winter.
Such phrases discredit the author and cause distrust of his professional qualities.
When permissible
It is known that human speech is his presentation. According to several words about him, they conclude from what kind of environment he is, what social roots and connections he has, what level of communication he uses. And if they are greeted by clothes, then they are escorted after the conversation already in their minds. Some use colloquially-colloquial words in a friendly company, in the family, at home. But it should be remembered that they should not clog the language. And, of course, not a single educated person will take them seriously. They carry a touch of irony in modern literate Russian speech.
To give color, you can use dialects, quotes from books and films. This positively characterizes the speaker and demonstrates his broad horizons. Literary Russian is unusually rich. With its help, one can express a thought much more elegantly than using vernacular.
And yet, the vernacular word is a Russian word. If you look deeper into history, you can see the path of language development. Some long-standing erroneous turns are already considered literary, and vice versa. Words change their meaning and meaning over time. Colloquial words are also developing. But it is better to exclude them from your vocabulary. They do not paint a cultured person.