In their speech, people often use introductory constructions to show their attitude to what they are talking about. When writing, the introductory revolution must be highlighted with commas, and in oral speech such a revolution should be emphasized intonationally. Let us consider in more detail some rules and features of using this type of design.
Definition of introductory turnover
Introductory turnover - these are words, phrases and whole sentences that reflect the speaker’s attitude to what he is talking about, or indicate the source of information. These turns are part of the sentence, but are not their members, and also do not enter into syntactic communication with other members of the proposal and are not members of the proposal at all.
How to define introductory constructions
Since the same words can act both as an introductory structure and as an ordinary member of a sentence, one needs to know how exactly such turns can be defined in Russian. Examples will help to better understand this issue:
- Firstly, if you throw out the introductory construct from the text, the meaning of the text will not be lost. Compare: "The company may already have been reorganized" and "The company may still be reorganized." In the first case, this word is introductory, since the meaning of the sentence is not lost, which does not apply to the second option. However, this method of verification is not always correct, since the structure may be preserved. In this case, you should pay attention to the meaning of the phrase. For example: "Thus, this problem was resolved." If “in this way” is understood to be “in this way”, then this is not an introductory phrase, but if it is understood as “so”, then this speech revolution should be considered an introductory one and it must be marked with a comma.
- Secondly, the introductory words are not members of the proposal and therefore it is impossible to raise a question to them or from them. Compare: “I seem to understand everything now” and “She seems a little tired to me.” In the first case, it is impossible to ask a question to the word “seems”, and in this case it is an introductory word. In the second case, you can ask the question “What is doing?”, And the word “seems” acts as a predicate.
- Thirdly, one introductory word or phrase in a sentence can easily be replaced by another, while the meaning of the whole sentence is not lost. For example: "She may have called her father herself and talked about what happened." In this option, when replacing “perhaps” with “probably”, the meaning of the whole sentence is not lost.
Also, when using some words and phrases as introductory constructions, minor difficulties may arise. Let us consider each of them in more detail.
Words: by the way, in general, shorter, in fact, in essence, in truth, more precisely - as introductory words
Words: by the way, in general, shorter, in fact, in essence, in truth, more precisely, they will be used in the sentence as introductory words if, in meaning, it is possible to add “saying” to them. Compare: “By the way, we are going to go to the forest tomorrow” and “This outfit came to her by the way.” Obviously, in the first case, the word “by the way” is introductory, since you can add “saying” to it, and it must be separated by commas.
Features of using “however” as an introduction
“However,” can act both as a union and as an introductory word. If “however” can be completely replaced by the word “but,” then in this case it is a union. For example, we wanted to visit, but bad weather ruined our plans.
If the word “however” is in the middle or at the end of a sentence and does not serve to connect two complex or parts of a sentence, then it acts as an introductory word and it is mandatory to use commas in the text. For example, we wanted to visit, the rain, however, spoiled us all plans.
“Finally” as an introduction
“Finally” can act as an introductory speech revolution. In this case, the word determines the procedure for the author to submit information. For example: "Firstly, he is young, secondly, strong, finally, he is full of strength and energy."
If “finally” acts as a circumstance of time and can be replaced with “at the end” or “at last”, then this word is not an introductory word. For example: We walked an incredibly long time and finally went out into the forest.
Phrases most commonly understood as introductory constructions
Many believe that: literally, perhaps, in addition, as if, all of a sudden, in the end, in the end, after all, here, all the same, it’s hardly, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, just as if , besides, I suppose, meanwhile, on a proposal, on a decision, on a decree, approximately, approximately, therefore, moreover, it’s almost, decisively, simply, supposedly, as if it’s an introduction, but it’s not. These words and phrases do not act as introductory constructions and you do not need to select them with commas.
Types of introductory revolutions by their value
All introductory words and phrases are divided into several categories depending on what values ​​express introductory speech speed. Examples will clearly show the differences:
- Introductory phrases that express an assessment of the degree of reliability of information (confidence, doubt): undoubtedly, of course, no doubt, in all likelihood, it goes without saying, apparently, really others. For example: "All the villagers were really very nice people."
- Words that express the usual character of the described event: it happens, it happens, as usual, as usual, as always, as usual, and others. For example: "The New Year's party is held, as always, in the assembly hall of the kindergarten."
- Introductory constructions that express the speaker’s emotions and feelings: to joy, fortunately, unfortunately, to pleasure, to surprise, unfortunately, to amazement, to regret, to chagrin, to chagrin, the hour is uneven, it’s strange how on purpose, what good. For example: "To my surprise, she gathered very quickly, and I did not have to wait long for her."
- Introductory words that indicate a sequence of thoughts: firstly, secondly, on the one hand, on the other hand, therefore, vice versa, finally, on the contrary, in general, however, in particular, by the way, by the way, by the way, so, therefore, therefore, in addition, in this way, for example, as well. For example: "Her smile did not indicate a beautiful life, but, on the contrary, tried to hide all her misfortunes."
- Part of the introductory constructions indicates the nature of the statement: in a word, a word, generally speaking, in short, so to speak, in other words, it is better to say it, in other words, to put it mildly, roughly speaking, between us, in truth, to say honestly, it’s ridiculous say others. For example: "In truth, the dinner prepared by the new chef did not make a big impression on me."
- Introductory constructions pointing to the source of the information provided: according to the message, according to the opinion, according to the information, according to the rumors, in your opinion, in my opinion, they say, according to my calculations, they say, as you know, from the point of view of others. For example: "According to the witness, the suspect was at home at the time the crime was committed."
- Introductory words that are directed to the reader in order to attract his attention: see, see, understand, understand, understand, understand, excuse, imagine, forgive, do mercy, please remember, remember, have mercy, agree, listen, allow, notice yourself and others. For example: "Dumplings, you must agree, one of the most beloved dishes of students and bachelors."
Parts of speech in which introductory constructions may speak
All kinds of introductory constructions can appear in various parts of speech. According to this criterion, introductory constructions can be represented in such parts of speech as:
- noun with the pretext: fortunately, for joy, no doubt;
- adjective: the most important, in general, at most;
- pronoun: meanwhile, moreover, moreover;
- adverb: of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, naturally;
- verb: seemed to think, say, suggest;
- infinitive: see, admit, know;
- combination with gerunds: frankly, roughly speaking, telling the truth;
- full sentences: I think he hopes as much as I remember;
- impersonal sentences: everyone remembered well, it seemed to me, she dreamed;
- vaguely personal suggestions: as usual they talked about him, they thought about him.
Punctuation marks when using introductory constructions
As mentioned earlier, introductory phrases and words in the text are marked with commas on both sides. In some cases, a dash will be used instead of one of the commas. If the introductory phrase has not been fully implemented, then put a dash after it. For example: "On the one hand, they didn’t let me go to the party, on the other, I couldn’t miss it, because all my friends will be there."
If the introductory word is located in the text before the generalizing word, but before all homogeneous members of the sentence, then a dash should be used instead of the first comma. For example: "TV, telephone, computer, refrigerator - in a word, all the equipment in the house worked properly, despite significant voltage drops in the morning."
Punctuation marks using introductory sentences
There are several ways to highlight introductory sentences in the text:
- Using commas. For example: "She, I am sure, will be happy without me";
- Using brackets. This selection method is used if the introductory sentence acts as additional comments or refinements to the text. For example: "My appearance (I noticed) confused everyone around me";
- Using a dash. Also used if the introductory sentence is an additional remark or clarification to the text. For example: "Buyers - there were two of them - behaved very restrained."
The use of participles and introductory constructions
People sometimes confuse introductory turns and other speech turns in Russian. Many believe that the participle turnover is only a type of opening turnover, since these types of structures have a lot in common. The use of participles is similar to the introductory sentences, moreover, if you remove the participles from the sentence, the meaning of the sentence does not change, just as when using introductory revolutions. Despite this, these types of structures have a number of differences. Firstly, the participle turnover answers the question: “What have you done?” and “What are you doing?”, and it’s impossible to raise a question for the opening statement. Secondly, in the proposal the ad-participatory turnover is determined by the circumstance, and the introductory constructions are not a member of the proposal.
Differences between phraseological and introductory turns
Also, people often have doubts about sentences with
phraseological turns. Some try to take the phraseological phrase as an introductory one. However, it is not. Phraseological turnover is a stable in structure and composition, as well as a lexically indivisible phrase, which is perceived as a single whole.
In contrast to introductory constructions, phraseological phrases in Russian in writing should not be generally distinguished by punctuation marks. It is also possible to raise a question for the phraseological phrase, and, therefore, this construction is a member of the proposal. Thus, sentences with phraseological turns should not be confused with sentences with introductory constructions, because these are sentences with different types of constructions.
The difference between comparative and introductory revolutions
In addition to all the above types of designs with introductory revolutions, comparative revolutions are often confused and they try to apply all the rules for them, as for introductory ones. Such designs are very different from each other. Comparative turnover, as well as phraseological and participial, is a member of the proposal, but always acts as a comparison. Comparative turnovers in the Russian language are not always distinguished by punctuation marks, so you can make a mistake by confusing the comparative turn with the introductory one.
All the above types of revolutions and introductory revolution have one common similarity - this is intonation. It is such a selection, first of all, that makes one doubt the correct definition of the introductory design.
The use of introductory constructions in speech is simply necessary, as they indicate the emotional richness of the text and show the speaker's attitude to the subject of the conversation. Defining, as well as correctly highlighting in speech, introductory turns in the Russian language will not be difficult if you know all the simple rules that were described in this article.