Each profession has its own specifics not only in the field of activity, but also in the vocabulary. Terms, tool names, work steps - all this has its own definitions that are understandable only to specialists. Progress moves on the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today in the field of electronics there are almost 60 thousand items, and in the widely known Ozhegov dictionary there are 3 thousand less. Otherwise, it cannot be called a terminological explosion.
Professionalism in Russian: place and significance
First of all, we give a definition to this phenomenon. Production vocabulary is an autonomous language system, which is a combination of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.
Special vocabulary penetrates into the literary language, which is completely inevitable, since highly specialized words may very well become common for objective reasons. This includes the popularization of scientific knowledge, and raising the level of people's culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows what the apogee and perigee is, you will not surprise anyone with the expression “soft landing” or the science of selenology.
Literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, therefore, the reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept gets a new meaning, which has a narrow specialization.
Communication specialists, all kinds of scientific papers, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalisms that have their own classification.
Linguistic concepts of special vocabulary
First of all, this is the term (from Latin - "border"). This is the name of a word or phrase (in another way - a language sign), which correlates with a special concept. It is the terms that are included in the vast majority of neologisms that have appeared recently. An example is professionalism in medicine.
Terminological system: its components are, in fact, all the same linguistic signs, but have already evolved from functioning as disparate (single) definitions to being combined into a holistic scientific theory.
Nomen (from Latin "generic name"). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible subject. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, we will represent it every time, as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.
The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They gained special distribution in colloquial speech, since most of them are unofficial synonyms of scientific concepts. Examples of professionalism can be found in explanatory dictionaries, in newspaper journals, and in literary works; they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
Classification of occurrence
There are three ways to form special words:
- Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, anglers from the verb "skerk" (gutting fish) formed the name of the profession - "skerk".
- Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalism by rethinking the already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning in it. For printers, the cap is not a hat, but a heading combining several publications. And the pipe for the hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
- Lexico-derivational. Examples of professionalism that have arisen in this way are easy to identify, since suffixes or word addition are used for this. Everyone knows what a spare wheel is (a backup mechanism or a part for something) or the editor-in-chief is the editor-in-chief.
Speech features and special words
Despite the apparent restriction in use, professionalism is found in all styles of the Russian language. You will not surprise anyone with the dryness of an official-business style, which is why professionalism has a simple function of conveying the meaning of a statement.
As for scientific speech, professionalism is used here for several reasons:
- for better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary;
- provide an opportunity to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts;
- Avoid tautologies by putting examples of professionalism in place of the terms.
For journalistic and artistic styles, the use of special words occurs with the same functions:
- informational;
- communicative (not only communication hero-hero, but also the reader-author);
- saving speech effort - professionalism always explains shorter term;
- cognitive, forming cognitive interest.
Where do the special words come from
The main source of professionalism, first of all, is the original Russian words, subjected to semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial colloquial vocabulary gives the name of the handle of the hammer - killing, and the jargon suggested that the driver call downtime "kimar". Even local dialects shared the definition for a high road - a big one.
Another source for the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, solid Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing machine with a form called a cliche, from which we only have a designation of the drawing made by it.
Any industry has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both that, and another demands certain names for association in thematic groups.
About lexical-thematic groups
Professional names contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the speaker’s attitude to the subject. From this point of view, they are objective (as a rule, they are nomenclature) and subjective:
- Expressing a negative or irony to the subject itself. So, a faulty car among motorists is a coffin.
- Attitude directly to the name. In this way, in aviation, the bomber became a bomber.
- Even professionalism can indicate the quality of work. Examples of words in construction say about brickwork: a wasteland (a little mortar) or a blockage (an uneven wall).
All these thematic groups are in certain relationships, and it is they who crush reality with words.
About lexico-semantic groups
Professional words are combined not only by the presence of an emotional assessment of the subject or its name, but also if possible interact with each other. This applies to semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:
- Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening the explanatory dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: a mine - large intercolumn spaces on a newspaper page.
- Terminological synonyms. In different areas, professionalism means the same thing. For example, for motorists, builders, and machine builders, scrap is called a “pencil.”
- ambiguous words. The word "Lada", in addition to the well-known meaning of a car as a trademark, has an indication of a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.
And finally, about jargon
Each profession has a number of words, phrases, expressions that contain a very vivid expression. These are usually unofficial synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in
oral speech in the communication of specialists and are called "professional jargon."
The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to a third-party person who is outside this sphere of activity. Many professional programmers have a touch of jargon: a kettle, a dog or a crib. They are already more reminiscent of argo - a social dialect common in a highly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is conspiracy, it is only for "their".
Conclusion
Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon, and even argo must be constantly studied, since this is a rather large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and the development of society.