Circumstances - a minor member who answers adverbial questions in a sentence and is expressed in the form of participles, participles, prepositional and case constructions. Circumstances describe an action, a sign, a method of performing an action (How? How? ), Place ( Where? Where? Where? ), Reason ( Why? ), Condition ( Against what? Under what condition? ), Purpose ( Why? ). On these issues the category of circumstances, its significance is determined. Circumstances can be expressed in prepositional cases, phraseological units, infinitive.
A separate circumstance is a circumstance that can have different meanings and which is distinguished by intonation (when pronouncing) and punctuation (by letter).
( Having stumbled , she almost fell to her knees. Rodion, bouncing with impatience, tried to keep up with his father. From the blow, he began to slide on the ice like a puck. Despite tears and excitement , the day was a success.)
1. A separate circumstance may be expressed by a single gang participle or gang participle with dependent words (gang participle). This kind of circumstance is highlighted with commas, regardless of its place in the sentence. ( Lying on a shelf , he stared pointlessly at the ceiling of the carriage. He sat on the windowsill, lazily waving his legs . He, humming under his breath , slowly walked toward the side street).
2. Separation of circumstances expressed by prepositional case forms of a noun is optional. Their isolation depends on the semantic load (combination of two or more circumstantial meanings), weak syntactic connection with the predicate, expressed verb, or stylistic tasks posed by the author.
If a circumstance has a comparative meaning and is expressed by a noun with prepositions (as if, as if, as if, as if precisely), then this is a separate circumstance. (He bounced on a trampoline like a ball . Like a storm, an annoyed Victor swept across the room. Natalia, as if sleepy, squinted her eyes incomprehensibly.)
3. The circumstance of relevance to the concession is considered to be isolated if it begins with the union despite . ( Despite the morning surge of strength , now she felt a little dizzy).
Note
A separate circumstance can sometimes be expressed by a group of words preceding the predicate and beginning with prepositions ( for a reason, in the presence, in the absence, thanks, in view of, according to, contrary to, due to ). (Examples. Due to her strong character, Elena overcame sudden difficulties. But: Elena overcame sudden difficulties due to her strong character . Contrary to the Charter and the requirements of the authorities, Sergey came to the training in a blue shirt. But: Sergey came to the training in a blue shirt contrary to the requirements of the Charter .)
4. If the sentence contains a homogeneous separate circumstance, then punctuation marks are put in the same way, with ordinary homogeneous terms. ( Waving his arms, clumsily bouncing , screaming out loud for joy , he rushed along the road. He rushed along the road, waving his arms , bouncing high. Waving his arms and shouting loudly, he ran along the road . )
Sentences with separate circumstances are similar in structure to other syntactic constructions that do not require punctuation marks.
Remember! Commas are not set if circumstances
- Expressed phraseological phrase. (He approached the preparation of the project through the sleeves ).
- Expressed by uncommon single solitary participles. It is believed that these words (sitting, lying, reluctantly, not looking, etc.) are substantiated, i.e. formed by the transition of one part of speech (adverbs in this case) to another (participle). (We chatted while sitting . But: We chatted while sitting in armchairs.
*Note. If the circumstance is expressed by the usual participle formed from the verb, it must be isolated. ( Turning away , she wiped away the tears).