Houses in our country have traditionally been built in the form of log cabins or stone buildings. However, there are other options for low-rise construction, which can be preferred. For example, methods have been developed how to build a frame house with your own hands. Step-by-step instructions include 4 main steps:
- foundation pouring;
- installation of the frame;
- erection of walls and insulation;
- roof construction.
Such structures are built quickly and without the use of special lifting equipment. Frame houses are inexpensive and assembled in one season, and they turn out to be no less warm and comfortable than capital ones from a log or stone.
Choosing a place for home
The use of wood implies that the earth under the house will not contain much moisture. And the place itself should be dry and well-blown so that dampness does not lead to rapid decay.
Drawings of frame houses should be based on calculations and tied to the construction site. Descriptions from the Internet are understandable only to specialists who have a certain amount of theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
The foundation should be built in accordance with the nature of the soil, and the house - based on operational loads.
The need for a house project
The developer must have a house project created by specialists. In addition, it is consistent with many services that can make changes and additions to it.
At the first stage, you can make a sketch of the house yourself, but in the future you will have to choose a suitable project for it. For construction, always need drawings of frame houses based on the necessary calculations. You will have to pay for the project. A cheaper one is typical, but you can order your own, where the requirements of the developer will be taken into account. It also incorporates construction technology, which should be strictly adhered to. This also applies to the creation of engineering systems.
House Engineering Systems
The project should indicate all utilities when a frame house is being built with one's own hands. A step-by-step instruction provides for laying communications at certain stages of construction, starting with the foundation. When pouring it, technological holes are immediately made. Drilling them later in concrete will be much more difficult.
The electrical system includes a switchboard, wiring, appliances, sockets and grounding. Outlets are located at a distance of no further than 4 m from each other. They contain protective covers if there are sources of water nearby.
The ease of use of drinking and hot water, as well as the withdrawal and processing of effluents, depend on the correct installation of water supply and sewage systems.
The ventilation system contains ducts with openings.
Foundation construction
The foundation is selected columnar, shallow tape or from concrete blocks. To increase the strength, reinforcement and monolithic strapping are used. Timber frame houses are being built with a small foundation, designed for low loads. It takes a little material.
Due to their savings, the cost of a frame house becomes lower. For him, a trench is digging or wells are being drilled, and then a sand cushion is made. Before concreting, reinforcement and formwork are installed. It is advisable to fill the strip foundation with careful tamping. For mounting the house frame in liquid concrete, vertical studs with a length of 500 mm are installed in increments of about 2 m. The plane of the grillage is leveled with a solution.
Installation of the lower trim of the house
A week after pouring concrete, the lower binding is laid on top of the entire foundation - a wooden beam with a section of at least 150x150 mm. It is pre-impregnated with an antiseptic, and waterproofing from two layers of roofing material is made from below. The beam is mounted on foundation studs or anchor bolts, under which holes are drilled more than 100 mm deep. Along the length and at the corners, a half-tree connection is made and fastened with nails.
The bars must be completely laid and connected to each other and the foundation. After that, grooves are cut out in them and sex lags are inserted from the 50x150 mm board. Their upper part should be set horizontally, and in the lower part the bars are beaten onto which the rough floor is laid. A vapor barrier is attached to it with a stapler, and then the space between the lags is filled with insulation (mineral wool or polystyrene). Top is made from 40x150 mm edged boards.
Frame assembly
The frame is the foundation that holds the entire structure of the house. It is a vertical strut connected by horizontal harnesses and crossbars. When a frame house is being built with your own hands, a step-by-step instruction provides for a strict installation sequence. The material may be a metal profile or wood. The use of metal requires welding equipment and the ability to work with it. Hardwoods, such as oak or larch, are used for the timber frame. Racks make the size of the height of the room. They are connected to the lower harness by the "tongue-and-groove" method. Fitting is done accurately, without gaps.
The dimensions and distance between the uprights should be selected, first of all, depending on the load transmitted from above. For them, they select the dimensions of the material that is used for sheathing. The racks with the lower harness are connected by temporary braces, which gives additional rigidity to the structure.
After the vertical beam is exposed, the upper harness is laid. The principle of its connection is the same - with the help of grooves identical to the lower beam. Fastening from above to each rack is done with two nails, not less than 10 cm deep. The frame is finally strengthened with permanent slopes, and temporary ones are dismantled.
The construction and insulation of walls
Outside, the house is sheathed with boards, lining, siding, pseudo-beam.
Warming is done with polystyrene foam, polystyrene, mineral wool and other materials. They take on the heat-shielding properties of common building materials. In this regard, frame houses are inexpensive. For living all year round, the insulation must be at least 5 cm thick. This material fills the entire space between the beams so that there are no voids. To prevent displacement, the insulation is fixed with special fasteners.
When we build a frame house, it is necessary to protect wooden structures from moisture.
On top of the insulation, a waterproofing film is attached to the racks, after which a crate of laths for ventilation is stuffed under the outer casing.
The walls of the frame house are lined with gypsum boards or OSB from the inside.
Ceiling mounting
The ceiling rests on ceiling beams mounted on a bar of the upper strapping, in which grooves are cut for them. Fastening can also be done using steel brackets. Marking is done previously on the ground. The beams are inserted into the grooves and attached to the harness with nails. In places of interior partitions, supporting support bars are installed. They are also connected in a common design with upper and lower harnesses. At the locations of the uprights, a ceiling shield from tongue-and-groove boards is nailed.
Ceiling insulation device
A vapor barrier material is laid on top of the ceiling shield . It is placed with a lap on the beams and fixed with a stapler or rails. For vapor barrier polymer membranes or special films are used.
The insulation is flush with the floor beams: mineral or glass wool, expanded clay, polystyrene. It is closed on top with a waterproofing film and covered with a shield of boards across the beams. With a distance between them of more than 500 mm, logs are laid perpendicularly, and then the floor is already made.
The aperture for entry to the 2nd floor is done by tapping from two crossbars between the beams.
Erection of a roof
The roof has a significant weight, so it should rest on the walls of the house, which are already finished, but do not have decorative finishes. When we build a frame house (as well as any other), for the manufacture of the roof, it is necessary to determine the slope, the number of slopes, the roofing material, the dimensions, the number and pitch of the rafters.
The roof looks beautiful if it has a complex shape. But this increases the complexity of manufacturing and the cost of a frame house. The most common gable roof, which is suitable for the attic and attic. Its construction is simple and contains only one ridge. The absence of valleys (concave angles) is an advantage, since these places are the most vulnerable and difficult to manufacture.
The slope of the roof must be selected more than 28º, so that snow crawls from it. If it is made more than 50º, the wind load will be much higher. The optimum slope is considered to be 35-45º, which is fine from the point of view of design: then the roof is not flat, but not too sharp. Many frame wooden houses are made with attics, allowing you to get additional living space. For convenience, you need to build small walls with a height of 1.1-1.6 m. Then in the lowest places you can arrange beds or wardrobes.
A frame house with an attic is an easy and durable construction, which, if properly erected, allows you to create comfortable conditions with a minimum investment of time and money.
The cross section of the rafters is selected based on the location of the insulation between them, the thickness of which is usually 100-150 mm. For safety, take a board measuring 150x50 mm. Its length is 6 m. Two boards are knocked down with a nail on one side in the form of the letter L. Then they are lifted to the roof and the desired angle is selected, relying on the bar of the upper trim. In this case, the overhangs should protrude behind the wall at a distance of 30-55 cm. After the board is connected with a crossbar, and a sample of rafters is obtained. In places of support, triangular cuts are made to a third of the height. The technology for the construction of frame houses provides for the use of an upper frame frame as a Mauerlat. The rafters are made according to the model on the entire roof, so that the step between them is 70-80 cm.
The crossbar is located no lower than the level of the first floor. It should not be placed too high, since the connection will not work out sufficiently rigid. Rafters in the ridge are connected in half-paws. First, they are installed on the gables, then the cords are pulled between them and the rest are put on them.
The type of lathing depends on the type of roofing material. It can be thinned or solid. For any type of roof, the crate is mounted in the area of the ridge beam without a gap.
Roof device
A convenient material for covering the roof of a frame house is bitumen tile. It is lightweight, ductile, easy to install and cheap. The disadvantages are flammability and fast fading.
Metal and decking are universal materials and give the roof a spectacular look. They are easy to install, light in weight and low in cost. By cons include noise during rain and hail.
When the roof is ready, the drainage and drainage systems are mounted to divert precipitation away from home.
Conclusion
For those who are seriously thinking about reliable and comfortable housing, today it is not a problem to build a frame house with your own hands. Step-by-step instructions give you the opportunity to do the job quickly, efficiently, inexpensively and without errors.