There is no need to talk a lot about nuts and explain why hazelnuts are so healthy for humans. Most themselves know this. The positive qualities of hazelnuts were noted by the inhabitants of the planet several centuries ago. People collected, processed and consumed herbs, berries, roots, nuts, which made their body stronger and their immunity more stable.
Today this culture is actively grown in our region. Hazelnuts "Trapezund" can be purchased at any store, although quality nuts are not cheap.
How to grow and care for the plant and whether it is possible to get a quality crop from the bush at home, we will try to figure it out together.
Growing hazelnuts as an integral part of industrial activity
In European countries, the technology for the standard cultivation of hazelnuts (wood) came from America. This method is preferable in cultivation, because single-barrel crowns show several times higher percent yield than bushy. This is due to indicators of rapid yield growth. It is noted that 5-6-year-old trees give a fairly high offspring per unit of horizontal projection of the crown.
In standard nut crops, the growth rate of the aboveground part of plants is less, which contributes to the mechanization of the main part of the work, which is the most laborious, is the harvesting of nuts, which accounts for about 47% of all costs associated with the industrial cultivation of nuts.
Hazelnuts in the country
The property of excellent adaptation to any type of soil makes Hazelnut Trapezund suitable for growing not only on an industrial scale, but also in its own country house. You can use the stony soil with benefit, where vegetables (cucumbers and tomatoes) do not grow for growing nuts. Hazelnuts can grow where it is difficult to plow the ground and water the beds. This is due to the characteristics of the plant and botanical characteristics. Despite growing on stony soils, the plant still shows a high level of yield.
Hazelnut Growing Technology
Current economic conditions contribute to the industrial cultivation of hazelnuts. Therefore, to increase the efficiency of nut production, it is necessary to work on concentration of attention on those tasks, the solution of which will lead to guaranteed stable high yield and product quality.
Among the priorities of the technology of cultivation of hazelnuts “Trebizond” are the structural features of the stands.
Indicators such as the width and height of the crown determine its volume. When conducting research over 24 months, the following changes occur: during the formation of the bush, the crown volume of the hazelnut variety called “Trebizond” increases by 1.35 m 3 , while forming the tree - 3.22 m 3 .
Representatives of the standard formation “Tree” show a significantly larger increase in crown, which confirms the high adaptability of the culture compared to the control sample.
The cultivation of the considered hazelnut variety in the bush form is characterized by a smaller increase due to neglect of the crown and a deterioration in the ventilation of the bush. It was noted that in bushes with a large formation of trunks, the ovaries show off more actively, the number of empty fruits is higher, and their formation is observed only from the outer part of the crown of the hazelnut bush.
Based on this, it is noticeable that the indicators of the growth force and yield of a nut depend on the conditions of formation of the plant’s crown and its age. Changes in the structure of plants of the standard formations of hazelnuts "Tree" are manifested in view of the following biometric parameters:
- growth in height;
- formation and change of the crown;
- increase in diameter of the stem;
- increase the natural potential of the plant.
The economic value of hazelnuts is established according to mechanical analysis, which include:
- the percentage of the weight of the hazelnut kernel to the weight of the whole nut;
- core performance;
- shrinkage (percent).
Thin-shell nuts, large in size, with good taste and uniform color, are highly rated fruits.
Planting procedure
Before digging a hole, prepare the proposed landing site of hazelnuts “Trebizond”. Reviews of gardeners confirm that if the plant is carefully maintained and favorable conditions, then the yield increases at times, although without that the nut is excellent fruit. The land is plowed or dug up to a depth of 40 centimeters. It is such a deepening that is suitable for maximum enrichment of the soil with moisture, oxygen, and contributes to the optimal placement of the root system. Prepare for spring plantings in the fall and vice versa. Autumn planting is considered more fruitful, because over the summer the land accumulates a sufficient amount of moisture, which contributes to the gentle wintering of the bush.
Important! Remember: soil that is poor in humus must be plowed to the entire depth of the layer, adding 10 cm to loosening the soil.
The most preferred landing scheme: 4x5 / 4x6 / 5x6 / 6x6. Planting technology depends on the type of soil, because the more fertile the earth, the greater the volume of the bush and the place it occupies. The nest planting is considered classic: 5-7 bushes are arranged in a circle, with a diameter of 1.5 m and a 6x6 pattern. Before deepening the root system and the lower part of the trunk of the seedling into the fossa, all root processes, except the central one, are removed, which ensures the growth of the bush in one trunk and intensive deepening of the roots into the ground.
Features of planting hazelnuts
The best time for planting is autumn. In the month of November, when the earth is sufficiently saturated with minerals, it is best to plant seedlings. This will ensure stress resistance of plants in the winter.
Before planting, the ground is fertilized. The mixture is prepared from:
- manure - 250 kg;
- phosphorus-potash fertilizers - 500 g.
The proportion is indicated with the calculation of fertilizing for fertilizing 1 hundred parts of the earth. Additionally, before planting, 5 kg of manure is poured into each of the holes.
Dig holes 70x70 in autumn planting in advance: about 6 weeks before planting.
It is better when two people lead the process: the first is engaged in leveling and tamping the earth in the hole, the second carefully sleeps it.
After planting, each of the hazelnut seedlings is pruned, leaving only 20 cm from the ground.
After planting the plants, monitor the condition of the site where the young seedlings grow: the soil should be clean and free of weeds, do not forget about the systematic loosening of the soil around the planting hole by 7-9 cm, and the diameter of the fluffy soil should not exceed the volume of the bush itself.
Hazelnuts are a monoecious plant; therefore, a couple of mutually pollinated varieties are planted with it next to the Hazelnut Trapezund. Pollinators are represented by Cosford and others. Harvest will not be fertile, if you do not take into account such a feature. With the correct procedure for planting with cross-pollination from 1 hectare, up to 500 kg of nuts are obtained.
The benefits of a crop
The advantages of the standard culture represented by hazelnuts “Trebizond” include:
- The maximum number of units of seedlings per square meter of area;
- High levels of fat (2% more) and protein (2-6% more) than with the classical scheme of cultivation.
- The stamping allows you to get fruits with a larger mass of up to 0.50 grams than with the control (bush).
- The stamping allows you to get fruits with a kernel output of 2.5-10% higher than that of bushes.
- The stem form, unlike the bush form, begins bearing fruit 1-2 years earlier.
- With intensive growth under conditions of a special microclimate, plants become more stress resistant.
- Comparing with the bush form, it is noted that the productivity of growing standard crops is up to 80% higher than that of bush plantings.
- The possibility of mechanized harvesting nuts.
- Earlier fruit ripening: a week sooner than with bush forms.
How to care for the plant?
The advantage of the cultivated crop in the form of hazelnuts is that of all known diseases and pests, none can have a tangible negative effect on the plant. Despite such resistance, endurance to weather conditions and not pickiness in the soil, preventative treatments, for example, against a barbel, and thinned crown of a bush, and pruning of damaged shoots are welcome. We will take a closer look at the rules for the care of hazelnuts “Trebizond”, cultivation and storage features of nuts.
Hazelnut irrigation system
Hazelnuts are a moisture-loving culture. It feels great when growing in river floodplains. The issue of watering is simply solved by drilling a well, if the site is located far from water bodies or by installing barrels of water for drip irrigation of the plantation.
Plants impaired in moisture and water, as a rule, produce a meager crop. Only in warm areas, provided that about 1 m of precipitation falls per year, the plant can please with fertility without the need for systematic watering. But this rule does not apply to hazelnuts "North". This nut is adapted to grow in cold climates. Sometimes, even if the climate and climate are satisfactory, the exact rate of rainfall is unknown.
Therefore, experts recommend that in the first three years of seedlings' life, systematic autumn watering of plants be carried out, allocating about 300 liters of water to each of the Trebizond hazelnut bushes. A description of the variety of the plant in question, or rather, a botanical certificate, will help determine the irrigation norms and features of growing walnuts. If the growing conditions are not very favorable, and the soil was previously used for agricultural technology of other plants and not prepared, the volume of the ode is increased to 1000 l, and during fruiting - up to 1500 l.
Watering periods: recommendations
Irrigation rate is adjusted depending on the amount of precipitation, as well as soil moisture. In general, there are 5 main periods:
- The first and beginning of the second decade of May.
- The first two weeks of June to feed bushes in the summer heat.
- The first half of July.
- The first and second decades of August.
- Late October - early November to prepare for wintering.
Watering in early spring is pointless, since the flowering and development period of the Trebizond hazelnut occurs earlier than that of other plants. At 4 years of life of the bushes, watering is doubled. During the period of active fertility, it is recommended to water in a volume of 1.5 m 3 per hazelnut bush.
Important! If perennial grasses are planted between the rows, the amount of irrigation is doubled.
Pruning plants
Pruning is considered one of the main agricultural factors in the cultivation of hazelnuts, which allows you to adjust the growth, development, fruiting, plant life, timing of entry into fruiting, plant productivity, quality of nuts. Also, this process is responsible for such physiological characteristics of the plant as increasing winter hardiness, resistance to certain pests and diseases. Using such a cultivation tool, specialists manage to approximate or postpone flowering in the spring, to control the period of shoot growth.
In all cases of cultivation, the pruning principle is the same. In the process, a light rarefied crown with maximum access of oxygen and light is given, which stimulates the growth and formation of young shoots and branches with fruit buds covering the main skeletal branches.
Having planted the seedlings, the cuttings show the first shoot, with which gardeners form the future stump in the future.
Fertilizer
When planting plants, they make mineral fertilizers consisting of 150 g of superphosphate and 50 g of potassium salt with the addition of 5 kg of humus in each hole.
In spring, when the fruits begin to set (in June), plants are fed urea with a concentration of up to 0.5%.
Mulching
Trunk mulching is carried out according to an agrotechnical method, providing the plant with moisture conservation and free access of oxygen. Use a mixture of near-trunk soil with sawdust, not coniferous trees, in a ratio of 1: 1 or replace the earth with humus, fertilizing in the same volume.
Culture propagation methods
One of the classic methods is reproduction using layering. In general, the process is not difficult and consists of several stages:
- The branches are placed in horizontal grooves with a shallow depth and slightly pinned. It is better to use last year's shoots, as older ones show worse development indicators and do not take root well. The procedure is carried out in autumn and early spring.
- Grooves with seedlings of hazelnuts are covered with humus, watered, and in the places of fastenings make small incisions to help accelerate the growth of the kidneys.
- The tops are tied to the stakes, and pinch the growth point.
Features of harvesting nuts
Harvested in late August - the first decade of September, focusing on the fall of fruits and dry wrappers. After collecting and drying the crop, the nuts are stored in a dry room. There are rules and recommendations on how to store Trebizond hazelnuts. Productivity from a tree is about 15 kilograms.
After harvesting, nuts are stored in a dry but cool room, observing the temperature regime within 4-13 degrees Celsius for 12 months; at 0-3 degrees Celsius - about 3-4 years.