The basis of any house is formed by a strong supporting frame made of vertical and horizontal elements. Its design may include walls, columns, beams and plates. And if the vertical components of the system usually take on the load, then the horizontal - on the contrary, create a load mass. The most critical element of this type is the ceiling, which is implemented in the form of a slab or beam crate. In order for the ceiling to stably maintain its weight and cope with the tasks of the structural device, it is necessary to comply with the relevant technical requirements and regulatory rules during installation.
Basic classification of ceilings for the ceiling
Specialists distinguish two signs of the classification of this design - purpose and technical performance. The intended classification divides the following overlaps:
- Basement. The first and basic floor level of the common frame, thanks to which the first floor is separated from the foundation platform with grillage. In projects with basements, there is also an underground level of overlap.
- Interfloor. Ceiling ceilings in houses with several floors. As a rule, this is a structure separating the first and second floors.
- Attic. Slabs or joist systems that separate the lower residential floor and the upper attic or attic area.
As for technical performance, the differences relate to the bearing part. It has already been said that both slabs and beams can form the basis of the design. And here there is a classification according to the used material of the floor, which should be considered separately.
Tiled reinforced concrete floors
The structure is made of concrete, which is reinforced with metal rods. However, today thin fiberglass rods are sometimes used in floor slabs, with the same bearing capacity, characterized by a small weight relative to metal counterparts. Monolithic slabs are made directly at the construction site on the basis of the formwork design.
Another option for creating tiled floors is prefabricated. This is a system of prefabricated elements from which an integral framework is formed. There are welded-type prefabricated ceilings and hybrid. The differences between them are in connection methods. In the first case, the welding interface of the floor components is used by means of bundles through metal reinforcing rods, and in the second case, the finished blocks in the fastening nodes are poured with concrete. The choice of a particular system is determined by the requirements of the project and installation conditions, but reinforced concrete spans are generally considered the most reliable option for installing the ceiling part of the frame.
Wooden beamed ceilings
The design is a series of equidistant beams that look outwardly like a wall crate, only larger. Unlike slabs, beam systems after laying have several design features. For example, the openings between the beams are saved, which can be used to endow the floor with additional functions. For example, empty niches can be filled with a heat and water insulator, as well as noise suppression means. After filling the space between the beams of the ceiling , it is necessary to perform the flooring. It is arranged with wood-shaving panels, closing the beam crate system. This flooring will form the basis for laying floor logs and future decorative coatings.
Floor sizes
There is no single type of overlap, but there are standardized modifications in a wide range of output formats. For example, the length of the tile structure varies on average from 2400 to 6600 mm. The size spacing between the different formats is 300 mm. There are also models that go beyond this range - for example, slabs 900 and 7500 mm long, but these are already specialized designs. The coordination dimensions of the ceiling in the width are 1000-3600 mm with the same pitch. The most common models of plates with a width of 1200 and 1500 mm. As for the thickness, it is 220-300 mm. In turn, beam joists can be used in frames with a span of up to 5000 mm.
Technical and structural features of floors
Both beam and tile floors can have special devices in the design for convenient movement, reinforcement and laying of communication networks. For such tasks, even at the manufacturing stage, grooves, recesses, loops, inserts and other functional technical devices are provided. Hollow niches of cylindrical shape with a diameter of 140-16 mm are created in tiled ceiling ceilings. On the one hand, they facilitate the weight of the reinforced concrete structure, and on the other hand, they perform the function of stiffeners. To simplify the lifting in the plates using grippers. Their specific device is calculated at the stage of the order in accordance with the scheme and lifting conditions. It can be the same hinges and technological holes for the hook.
Structural reinforcement requirements
According to GOSTs, reinforcing steel should be used to strengthen the floors . The specific grade of alloy and its parameters depend on the design requirements. For example, prestressing reinforcement is made of thermomechanical rods of At-IV (VI) class, and hot-rolled reinforcement is made of A-IV (VI) rods. In ceiling ceilings, which are manufactured according to the continuous formless method on long stands, it is necessary to use high-strength wire reinforcement or metal ropes. In the process of reinforcing and further installation measures, exposure of embedded rods is not allowed. The exception is only the technological ends of the reinforcement, which are not planned to be released for the ends of the overlap by more than 10 mm. But these protrusions must be isolated using bitumen varnish or cement-sand mortar.
Technical and operational requirements for the design
Much in the calculation of floors depends on the specific parameters of the house and external operating conditions. But there are general technical rules that any design of this type must comply with:
- Sufficient strength, which eliminates the risks of deformation and deflection of the structure. By the way, the average density of the concrete structure of the interfloor ceiling slab is 1400-2500 kg / m 3 .
- Fire resistance. There are different classes of fire resistance, and the most heat-resistant structures are used in cases of laying a chimney over the ceiling in the attic.
- Sound and heat insulation. There may also be different levels of insulation efficiency, but minimal noise comfort and heat resistance in a residential building should provide all levels of overlap. Another thing is that in each case the material is selected that corresponds to the place of application for protective properties.
- Special properties and characteristics. Special requirements for vapor and water resistance, gas impermeability and biological protection may be imposed, depending on the conditions of application of the structure.
Conclusion
The method of technical implementation of the ceiling for the ceiling is determined by many factors, some of which are based on general building codes, and some come from specific design conditions. As a rule, in private houses, ceiling ceilings are either small-format reinforced concrete slabs or a beam wooden system. To a large extent, the choice between these structures is determined by the material of the main frame. Moreover, there are hybrid versions of the floor system, in which different levels are organized separately by metal, reinforced concrete and wooden structures. The main thing is that the general principles of the frame structure are observed, which imply ensuring the reliability, durability and resistance of materials to dynamic and static loads.