The territory on which modern England is located, in 55 BC, when the troops of Julius Caesar invaded it, was inhabited by Celtic tribes who called themselves Britons. As a result of the invasion, the entire southern part of the island became part of the Roman Empire. The whole territory on which modern England and Wales is now located was called Roman Britain. Further, the history of England is already connected with the Germanic tribes. In the 5th century AD, the Roman Empire collapsed, and then the Britons turned to the German barbarians in order to protect them from the invasions of the Celtic tribes from the north - Scott and Picts.
The arrived Germanic tribes consisted of three groups: Saxons, Angles and Utes. The Germans quickly mastered the territory of the Britons and gradually began to force them into the territory of Wales and Cornwall. On the lands occupied by German aliens, separate kingdoms gradually formed. Subsequently, these kingdoms formed the union of the seven kingdoms, which was called "Anglo-Saxon heptarchy." One of these seven Anglo-Saxon kings from time to time gained control of most of England. This king was called "Razvald", which in translation is close in meaning to the name "Ruler of Britain."
This went on for quite some time, so the history of England cannot pinpoint the date when the final unification of the state took place. Some historians believe that unification came at a time when the Danish Vikings invaded the eastern part of England during their invasion, which forced all the kingdoms of England to join forces for protection. The first king of all England is often called the king of Wessex Egbert, who died in 839. However, the history of England suggests that the title "King of England" arose only two generations later - at a time when Alfred the Great ruled on the islands (871-899).
Some historians make their calculations, paying attention to important historical events and the wars of England. For example, they count the rulers of the state from the Norman conquest in 1066. This date is usually used when numbering the English monarchs as a zero point. For example, Edward I, crowned in the 13th century, was not really the first king to bear that name, but he was the first Edward, if counted from 1066. In this year, the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, captured England and became King William I, thereby establishing the Anglo-Norman dynasty. However, William the Conqueror is not the founder of England and he did not unite the country, he only captured the already existing England, introducing Franco-Norman rule in it.
Then came to power a dynasty called Plantagenets (1154-1485 years). At this time, the history of England is significant for the longest Hundred Years War with France (1337-1453). From 1485 to 1603, the Tudor dynasty ruled in England. It was an era of centralized power and the strengthening of English absolutism, the period of the Reformation. The Tudor dynasty ended with the reign of Elizabeth I, who established the Church of England. In 1603, the Stuart dynasty came to power in England, which was a dynasty of Scottish and English kings. King James I succeeded Elizabeth I on the throne. This period of rule was marked by a civil war that arose as a result of the revolutionary crisis led by Oliver Cromwell.
Despite the fact that further restoration of the Stuart dynasty took place, the Hanover came to power in 1714. During their reign, the British army defeated June 18, 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo over Napoleon's troops. From 1837 to 1901, the reign passed to Queen Victoria. This period is rightfully considered the peak of Britain's heyday. Since 1917, the Windsor Dynasty became the ruling dynasty in the kingdom.