The construction of the roof is an important stage in the construction of any building. The durability of the house and the comfort of the people living in it depend on the correctness of its design and installation.
The choice of roof type depends on many factors. It is important to consider all the nuances. In this case, all the work can be done independently. How to correctly calculate and install the roof with your own hands will be discussed in the article.
How to choose the type of roof?
Before embarking on the construction process, you need to make a competent calculation. Do-it-yourself roofing can be no worse in quality than the work of professionals. Modern technology allows us to do this. However, you will need to consider in detail all the nuances of the construction process.
First, the procedure for calculating and planning future construction is carried out. The roof has a certain weight. This is influenced by its dimensions and materials that are used to create it. The choice of the type of foundation depends on the weight of the roof. Developing a plan will also help calculate the optimal number of building materials.
First you need to choose the type of roof, the angle of its inclination. This indicator depends on the climatic features of the area. So, for areas where there is a large amount of rainfall, the slopes should be sloping. This will prevent the accumulation of snow and water on the roof. Otherwise, a large load will act on the foundation.
The strength of the wind in a given area also determines how the roof will look. Do-it-yourself roofs are created only after careful calculation. If strong winds blow in the area, the roof should not be too sharp. Otherwise, moving air masses will exert a load on the structure. In such regions, the roof should be flat.
Please note that the roof cannot have a slope of less than 5 °. The best option for areas with high rainfall during the year are slopes with an angle of inclination of 45 °. The type of materials that are used in the construction process also affects the choice of the angle of the roof.
Types of roofs
There are several varieties of roofs. The selection is also made at the planning stage. Modern construction offers a large selection of such structures. The roof can be single-pitched or gable, there are also structures with 4 slopes. Hip designs look original. There are also gable and multi-slope varieties. They can be made of different materials. Soft roofs are popular. Do it yourself is quite simple to make such a design. There are also roofs that are covered with slate, metal, porcelain flooring, etc.
If the walls are of unequal height, a pitched roof should be made. This type of structure is used for the construction of household facilities. Gable roofs are used in the construction of private houses. Two slopes can be of different or the same length. When using such a scheme in the house, you can make an attic or an attic floor.
Four-pitched roofs are the most common construction in private construction. They look like a pyramid, the height of which can be different.
Hip roofs look original. They can be used in the construction of the attic floor. Stingrays look like trapezoids. Front zones are triangles.
The most complex are gable and multi-slope structures. In this case, a very accurate calculation is required. At the same time, construction will require special skills from the master. The design includes various additions, unusual connections. The creation of such a roof is best left to professionals.
Flooring selection
The choice of type of coverage takes place at the planning stage. The configuration of the structure itself, the choice of its rafter system, as well as the foundation of the building, depend on the type of material. The heaviest is a roof covered with ceramic slate. This is a relatively inexpensive material. Its use requires strengthening the foundation and rafters.
Most often, a roof is created with their own hands from metal tiles or profiled sheets. In this case, the weight of the structure will be relatively small. A wide selection of profiles and coatings of similar materials is on sale. This allows you to create not only a solid, but also a beautiful design.
There is another type of roof. In this case, a flexible material (euroroofing material, ruberoid) is used for its flooring. This option is the easiest to install. Also, its cost remains acceptable for almost all buyers. However, this is the least durable material. Restoration of the roof in this case will need to be done earlier than when using hard decks.
The slope of slopes largely depends on the choice of material. For a structure covered with slate, the minimum angle of inclination is 22 °. If you plan to carry out the installation of a soft roof with your own hands, you need to consider the number of layers of the flooring. If there are 3 of them, you can choose an angle for slopes of 5 °. For a two-layer soft roof, the minimum value is a slope of 15 °.
For the profiled sheet, the angle of inclination of the roof should be at least 12 °, and for metal tiles - 14 °.
Structural elements
The roof of the house consists of certain structural elements. With your own hands, you can create such a design only if the master understands its structure. Each element is constructed sequentially. First, a crate is created. It is made of timber of different thicknesses. The choice depends on the design and materials of the roof. The heavier it is, the thicker the elements of the rafter system should be.
A vapor barrier layer is laid on top of the crate. It is necessary to prevent the accumulation of moisture inside the structure. Condensate collects due to temperature changes. A heater is mounted on top of the vapor barrier. They can be mineral wool. It is an environmentally friendly material that is not subject to burning.
Waterproofing is laid out on the insulation. It will not allow sediment to enter the structure. Finishes the roofing finish. In some cases, there may be more layers. It depends on the type of construction, climatic conditions of the area.
The rafter system, in turn, consists of Mauerlat, rafter legs, ridge beam, struts, as well as crates. It is installed on the walls of the house. They are pre-strengthened with metal reinforcement. It is mounted around the perimeter. In this reinforcing belt, galvanized studs are installed. With their help, the Mauerlat (the base of the rafter system) is fixed on the base.
A thorough calculation of each of the listed systems is a must when building a roof.
Calculation of the gable roof area
Careful planning requires the process of erecting a roof with your own hands. Installation and calculation has a number of features in accordance with the type of roof chosen. First, the area of the structure is determined. Based on the information received, it will be possible to purchase the required amount of materials.
However, it should be noted that the roof area will be less than the flooring area. It consists of sheets that overlap each other. There are also special ways to connect panels. One of the popular varieties is the seam roof. With your own hands to create such a connection is not difficult. The calculation of the quantity of materials depends on the characteristics indicated by the flooring manufacturer in the technical documentation.
To perform the correct calculation, you need to determine the exact dimensions that appear in the plan. First, on the sheet, you need to draw a roof. A line is laid parallel to its base. A line falls on it from the top of the structure. One slope forms a rectangular triangle on the sheet. The length of its base is indicated by the letter A. The height of this triangle is indicated by the letter B, and its hypotenuse by the letter C. The length of the slope is indicated by the letter D.
The calculation will be as follows:
Area = C * D.
It is important to take into account the length of the eaves overhangs. Without their consideration, the calculation will be inaccurate.
Hip roof calculation
Do-it-yourself roofing can be built in the form of a hip structure. It will have two slopes of a trapezoidal shape. The ends will be made in the form of equilateral triangles. In accordance with the features of such figures, there is also a roof area.
To find the area of slopes, you must use the following formula:
Area = (A + B) * B / 2, where A is the length of the upper edge of the ramp, B is the length of the lower edge of the ramp, and C is the height of the trapezoid.
The result should be multiplied by 2, since the roof has only two slopes of a trapezoidal shape. The area of an equilateral triangle is found by the following formula:
Area = (A * B) / 2, where A is the base of the triangle, B is the height of the triangle.
The result is also multiplied by two, since the ends at the roof are also two. When calculating, you need to take into account the eaves.
Mauerlat installation
Do-it-yourself roof installation begins with the creation of a rafter system. It will be laid with layers of heat, steam and waterproofing, as well as the finish layer. Knowing the area of the roof, it is necessary to calculate its weight. To do this, consider the data of manufacturers of all building materials. They indicate the weight of all rolled, sheet flooring.
Installation begins with the arrangement of a reinforcing belt around the entire perimeter of the structure. Galvanized studs should protrude from it to a height of about 3 cm. Mauerlat is the base of the roof. It is created from a bar with a cross section of 15 x 15 cm (for the average roof) or 20 x 20 cm (for the overall structure).
The armor belt will be created for a year, a waterproofing layer is mounted on it. It can be roofing material. It is laid in 2 layers. After that, you can proceed with the installation of the Mauerlat. It is put on studs, which must also be bolted with galvanized nuts. The evenness of the frame is checked using the building level.
Creating a roof with your own hands, you need to be careful. Skews are not allowed. Otherwise, soon all the work will have to be redone again.
Installation of rafters
Do-it-yourself roof installation involves the mandatory installation of a rafter system. A bar or boards are used for it (section 15 x 15 cm). The rafter system is of two types: hanging or layered.
So, for a hip structure, rafters of a diagonal shape will be required. They are also called spiders. Rafter legs in this case will be short. They will support the entire system from two sides. Rafters will rely on Mauerlat. Experienced builders recommend building a roof with an assistant.
The upper parts of the rafter system will rest on the ridge. In some cases, the center of gravity is transferred to the opposite part of the rafters. To connect the bars, a skate is used here, which is two boards. They are located at an angle.
To give rigidity to the structure, spacers, jibs, extensions are used. The legs of the rafters protrude beyond the walls of the building. This allows you to protect the foundation from water, snow.
It is important to choose the right step between the rafters. It can range from 60 to 100 cm. This indicator is chosen according to the type of material. If it is heavy, you need to take a step more often. It is also worth considering that the larger the slope angle of the slopes, the wider the distance between the rafters can be.
Crate
After the rafter system is created, you need to make the crate. For this, bars of 5 x 5 cm cross section are used. First you need to install a vapor barrier layer. Her choice depends on the terrain and climate. You should carefully look at the manufacturer's instructions. The vapor barrier must be laid in the correct direction on the rafter system.
Next, you need to mount a layer of insulation. There should be a gap of 5 cm between it and the vapor barrier. This will allow moisture to not accumulate inside the structure. Otherwise, the wood will rot, quickly collapse.
Between the rafters, thermal insulation is laid. This layer will also serve as additional soundproofing. Next, a waterproofing layer is mounted. When these layers are mounted, you can begin to stuff the crates. It is stuffed across the rafters.
If you plan to build a soft roof with your own hands, you need to perform a continuous crate. In this case, moisture-proof plywood is ideal. For hard materials, the lathing can be made of bars or boards. They can be at a distance from each other. This indicator depends on the properties of the finish coating. If it is slate, you can make the distance larger.
Finish finish
At the final stage of installing the roof with your own hands, you need to cover the material selected at the planning stage. For example, the owners decided to create a finish layer of soft material. In this case, the continuous crate is covered with a layer of roofing material. On it, starting from the bottom, roofing material begins to be mounted. Fixing is done with nails.
Each subsequent row should be located exactly, focusing on the previous figure. Skews are not allowed. Endows, skates and ebbs close last. The result is a canvas under which moisture, wind, etc. do not penetrate.
If the owners decided to trim the roof with slate, a crutch is stuffed at its base. The material will be based on it. When the first sheet of slate is laid on the surface of the crate with gaps, it is fixed with special nails. They have a wide hat.
The next sheet of slate overlap. It is also fixed with nails. The next row is also overlapped with the previous material. So it turns out to create an impermeable coating. The metal tiles are also overlapped. Its connection occurs with the help of folds.
Having considered how the calculation and installation of the roof with your own hands occurs, you can create a similar design yourself. The building requirements and regulations must be strictly observed.