The term “temperature” appeared at a time when physicists thought that warm bodies consist of more specific substance - calorific - than the same bodies, but cold. And the temperature was interpreted as a value corresponding to the amount of calorific value in the body. Since then, the temperature of any bodies is measured in degrees. But in reality it is a measure of the kinetic energy of moving molecules, and, based on this, it should be measured in Joules, in accordance with the System of units of C.
The concept of "absolute zero temperature" comes from the second law of thermodynamics. According to it, the process of heat transfer from a cold body to a hot one is impossible. This concept was introduced by the English physicist W. Thomson. He was awarded the noble title “Lord” and the title “Baron Kelvin” for achievements in physics by the Queen of England . In 1848, W. Thomson (Kelvin) proposed the use of a temperature scale in which the absolute zero of the temperature corresponding to the extreme cold was taken as the starting point, and the degree of celsius was taken as the price of division. The Kelvin unit is 1/27316 the fraction of the temperature of the triple point of water (about 0 deg. C), i.e. temperature at which pure water is immediately in three forms: ice, liquid water and steam. Absolute zero temperature is the lowest possible low temperature at which the movement of molecules stops, and it is no longer possible to extract thermal energy from a substance. Since then, the absolute temperature scale began to be called his name.
Temperature is measured on different scales.
The most used temperature scale is called the “Celsius scale”. It is built on two points: at the temperature of the
phase transition of water from liquid to steam and water to ice. A. Celsius in 1742 proposed to divide the distance between reference points into 100 gaps, and take
the boiling point of water as zero, while the freezing point was 100 degrees. But the Swede K. Linnaeus proposed to do the opposite. Since then, water freezes at zero degrees A. Celsius. Although precisely in Celsius it should boil. Absolute zero Celsius corresponds to minus 273.16 degrees Celsius.
There are several temperature scales: Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Rankin, Newton, Römer. They have different reference points and the price of division. For example, the Reaumur scale is also built on benchmarks for boiling and freezing water, but it has 80 divisions. The Fahrenheit scale, which appeared in 1724, is used in everyday life only in some countries of the world, including the USA; reference points: one is the temperature of a mixture of water ice - ammonia and the other - the human body. The scale is divided into one hundred divisions. Zero Celsius corresponds to 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Converting degrees to Fahrenheit can be done according to the formula: F = 1.8 C + 32. Reverse translation: C = (F - 32) / 1.8, where: F - degrees Fahrenheit, C - degrees Celsius. If you are too lazy to consider, go to the online service for the transfer of Celsius to Fahrenheit. In the box, type the number of degrees Celsius, click "Calculate", select "Fahrenheit" and click "Start". The result will appear immediately.
is named after the English (more precisely, Scottish) physicist William J. Rankin, a former contemporary of Kelvin and one of the creators of technical thermodynamics. There are three important points in his scale: the beginning is absolute zero, the freezing points of water are 491.67 degrees Rankin and boiling water is 671.67 degrees. The number of divisions between the freezing of water and its boiling in both Rankin and Fahrenheit is 180.
Most of these scales are used exclusively by physicists. And 40% of American high school students polled today say they don’t know what the absolute zero temperature is.