To stay in a private house was comfortable, it is necessary to create the right sewer. This system can be mounted by hand. You need to know the rules and regulations for the construction of this facility. Features of the sewage system should be considered in detail before starting work. This will be discussed in the article.
general characteristics
The price of a sewerage device in a private house, which is required by specialized companies, is quite high. It depends on the type of work, the selected material and other factors. The average cost of installing pipes in the presence of a centralized drainage system is from 650 rubles / m. However, it is much more often necessary to equip an autonomous sewer.
Installing a septic tank can cost a lot. This work depends on the needs of the owners of the house, the number of people who live here. With an independent arrangement of the sewage system, you can save several times the family budget. Therefore, many owners of private real estate decide to carry out such work on their own.
Previously, private cottages were equipped with a cesspool. Today, this method is practically not used. It does not meet modern sanitary requirements. In place of such systems of autonomous sewage came septic tanks, treatment plants. They avoid the appearance of an unpleasant odor in the area. The stay of the owners and their guests in a country house becomes comfortable.
There are two types of sewers in a private house. These are household and storm systems. The first of them is designed to collect drains from a bathtub, toilet, kitchen sink, etc. A storm sewer is necessary to prevent flooding of the cellars, destruction of the foundation, and stagnation of moisture in the soil. With this system, melt and storm water are collected . This is especially important for areas with high rainfall. Today, these two systems are combined into one. There are no oil or oil based products in the storm drains of the private house.
When connecting both systems, a larger volume of septic tank will be required. This will require a large investment. The appropriateness of such a combination of systems is decided by the owner of the site independently.
Design and types of systems
The sewer system in a private house with your own hands requires you to take into account a number of rules and requirements of construction, sanitary standards. It is necessary to consider in detail the device and types of such systems. Any type of sewage system is divided into three main parts. It consists of an internal (located in the house), external (passes outside the house) part of the pipelines, as well as a receiving device. The full functioning of the entire system depends on the correct choice of the type of septic tank. This issue needs to be given special attention.
The receiving device may be storage or cleaning. In the first case, drains are periodically removed from the septic tank. To do this, contact specialized companies. Cleaning systems are a more complex device. The choice depends on the features of the operation of the sewer system, the type of soil, the terrain on which the house is built.
The simplest receiving facility is a cesspool. This option is suitable for a small cottage, where the owners are quite rare. The daily amount of effluent should not exceed 1 m³ in this case. Otherwise, bacteria that are in the soil will not have time to process inclusions.
Some owners of private houses build a cesspool with a closed bottom on their site. In this case, the waste accumulates inside the structure, requiring periodic pumping. Moreover, such a procedure will be required quite often. This entails additional costs. This type of receiver is suitable for a small summer residence.
It is better to purchase a plastic closed septic tank. From it, runoff does not fall into the soil. They accumulate, requiring periodic pumping of the contents. This work is performed by a cesspool machine. A closed septic tank is suitable for a summer residence or a private house in which a small number of people live. Due to the special design of the tank, pumping waste from such a receiver will be required much less frequently.
A sewer device in a home may require the installation of a sewage treatment plant. This is a special system that can process up to 98% of sewage impurities. The result is industrial water suitable for irrigation. Silt accumulates inside the tank. It can be used as fertilizer.
Site selection
The water supply and sewage system must be carried out in accordance with existing norms and rules. The safety and comfort of people living in the house depend on this. When creating a sewer system, it is very important to choose the right place on the site for the location of the receiving device.
The drive or recycling device must be correctly selected. The volume and type of processing is selected based on the daily amount of wastewater. In this case, you need to take into account how many people constantly or periodically live in the house. To calculate the required volume, it is necessary to determine the maximum daily amount of effluents. The result is multiplied by 3. The resulting value corresponds to the volume of the septic tank.
The average number of drains is 200 liters, if one person lives in the house. It will require a septic tank of 600 liters. If a family of 3 people constantly lives in the house, you need a drive with a capacity of 1800 liters. Storage and treatment facilities with one or more cameras are on sale. If the compartments are 2 or 3, when choosing their volume is summarized.
When the dimensions of the receiver are known, you need to choose the right place for it on the site. Relief is estimated. If it is complex, the septic tank will need to be installed at the lowest point of the site. Moreover, there must be a certain distance from it to the nearest objects.
The device of water supply and sewage is a responsible event. The septic tank should not be closer than 50 m from the source with drinking water. The distance to the road and the apartment building should be at least 5 m. If there is a pond nearby, an open reservoir, the septic tank should be removed from it by at least 30 m.
Sewerage Scheme
A sewer device in a private house requires a scheme. This is best done at the planning stage of building a house. So communications, other objects of the system will be located rationally. The premises in which the discharge of water will be organized should be located in one sector of the house. This will save on the purchase of pipes, fittings. The small length of the pipes reduces the likelihood of breakdowns, errors during installation.
First you need to create a house plan. It should be drawn on graph paper, indicating the exact size. The diagram below indicates the location of the main riser. Its diameter is 110 mm (as is the toilet drain). Therefore, the main riser is most often equipped in the toilet. This is also necessary because the distance from the collector to the toilet should not be more than 1 m.
The main riser is plotted to the point where the pipe exits the building. She is in the foundation. The exit point of sewage pipes is equipped with a special protective sleeve. Next, you need to apply all the drain points. From them you need to draw pipe lines to the main manifold. Nearby communications can be connected. For example, from a sink and a bath, the drain can be made from one pipe. The withdrawal from the toilet cannot be combined with other lines.
Sewer pipes should have a slope. It is 3% for communications with a diameter of 50 mm and 2% for a diameter of 110 mm.
After developing a device for internal sewage, you need to create a circuit for external communications. In this case, a site plan with trees, buildings, etc., will be required. Pipes must pass from all objects at a distance of 3 m. In the places of rotation, pipe insets, inspection wells are installed.
Mounting Materials
For the construction of sewage networks, you will need to purchase the required amount of materials. They must comply with construction and sanitary requirements. Previously, cast iron pipes were used to equip sewers in a private house. Today, this option is almost never used. Cast iron communications are heavy. There are difficulties with their transportation and installation.
Sewer pipes are made of polymer materials. You should choose communications of a suitable diameter. For the main riser and flush of the toilet, pipes with a diameter of 110 mm are needed, and for a bathtub, sink, sink - 50 mm.
For internal networks, polypropylene pipes are suitable. They are flexible, able to withstand loads, temperature extremes. These communications are grayed out. Hot water can flow from bathtubs and kitchens through such channels. Gradually it cools down. At the exit from the house, the temperature of the liquid decreases. Therefore, the arrangement of sewage pipes outside is performed using other types of materials.
For the installation of communications outside the house, PVC products are suitable. Such pipes are orange in color. This is necessary so that the pipes can be seen in the ground. PVC is not intended for transporting hot effluents. However, it is ideal for external networks. Such pipes are characterized by high strength.
Pipes outside the house require additional insulation. This is especially important for regions in which the depth of soil freezing is significant. Otherwise, you will need to deepen the network.
As a heater, polyurethane foam is suitable. Its layer is from 3 cm. Using this thermal insulation, you can protect communications. You will also need to purchase a plastic film. Polyurethane foam is wrapped on top of it. When choosing a heater, one should give preference to rolled materials, which on the one hand have a foil coating.
Features of creating internal networks
The rules for the installation of sewers in your own home involve installing networks, starting from home. In this case, it is necessary to determine whether communications will be hidden or open. The first option is more complicated. However, all pipes will be hidden from view in the thickness of the wall. This greatly improves the interior.
For a hidden communications system, special channels are laid in the walls. It can be niches or special boxes. For a hidden method of laying pipes, it is necessary to provide for the presence of revision windows. They are created in places where shutoff valves are installed, at pipe turns. This will allow, if necessary, to assess the condition of networks, to carry out repairs.
An open installation method involves holding pipes directly on the wall surface. Fasteners are carried out using clamps, pendants and other similar devices. The correct slope is observed. Connections are made using appropriate adapters.
The device of the sewage system inside the house involves the installation of special hydraulic locks. They prevent odors from entering the room. Such devices must be installed for each drain point. In places where pipes are turned, tees must be mounted for revision. This will make system maintenance quick and easy.
Please note that for corners, do not use 90º angles. It is better to purchase two fittings of 45º each. Otherwise, deposits will accumulate at the turning point. This will necessitate frequent cleaning of the system.
Ventilation for an internal sewer network
Do-it-yourself sewerage device involves the arrangement of ventilation. It performs 2 functions. Ventilation removes gases that are formed in the system, and also provides air flow. Oxygen fills the rarefaction zones that may occur during intensive discharge of wastewater or when water is supplied under pressure. A similar situation occurs at the time of flushing the toilet or during operation of the washing machine.
A sufficient amount of air in the system avoids the entrainment of water from hydraulic locks. Otherwise, it will be accompanied by loud, unpleasant sounds.
To create ventilation, a fan pipe is arranged. It is a continuation of the main vertical riser. This line goes to the roof. If you make this network wrong, unpleasant odors will enter the house. The fan pipe should not be blocked by ice in the cold season. Therefore, products with a diameter of 110 mm are purchased for ventilation.
The fan pipe should be higher than other objects on the roof. It should be located at a distance of at least 4 m from windows and balconies. This pipe must not be led out to the attic or into the general ventilation channel.
Do-it-yourself sewerage system in the house requires strict compliance with all requirements of the standards. Otherwise, it will be impossible to use the system. Noises, an unpleasant smell will appear in the house. The people who live here will be extremely uncomfortable. Therefore, the creation of ventilation and internal sewage networks should be carefully thought out.
External sewage system
Work on the sewage system after the internal arrangement of networks is transferred to the street. You need to create a direct line from the house to the sink receiver. However, when arranging the system on a site where there are already buildings and trees, it will be necessary to think through a system of turns and branches.
When creating communications outside the building, you will also need to maintain the correct angle. It should be about 3 cm per 1 m of pipe. If the angle of inclination is less, a blockage will form, since water will not be able to make large suspensions. If the pipe is tilted more strongly, heavy particles will accumulate on the walls. Water will run down too quickly.
In accordance with the previously developed plan, marking is carried out on the site. Next, you need to dig a pit for a septic tank. After that, you can create trenches for pipes. The depth of the pit for a well or a finished septic tank should correspond to the required angle of inclination of the communications.
A sewer device in a country house or in a private house involves holding pipes at a certain depth. The top point of the nets should be 70-80 cm below the ground. Its lower edge, which is connected to the septic tank, will be located at a depth of 140 cm if the length of the message is 20 m. In some cases, the lower end of the pipe is deepened to 2 m. This depends on the length of the communications.
Such requirements for deepening are explained by the features of soil freezing. The network should be 15 cm lower than this boundary. If the ground freezes even deeper, thermal insulation is indispensable. It is recommended to create it anyway. This will be insurance against prolonged and severe frost.
Receiver device
The wastewater receiver can be with or without bottom. Ready-made septic tanks are on sale, which are simply installed in a prepared foundation pit. However, quite often the owners of suburban or private real estate prefer to carry out the installation of sewage wells. This installation option is more complicated.
To create a well, you will need to purchase reinforced concrete or plastic rings. They are set on top of each other. Deepening the well, you can get the required septic tank displacement. The bottom of the well must be tight. According to sanitary standards, water should not leak from such a structure into the ground.
A well can also be made of bricks. After drying, the masonry will need to be plastered with a special solution. This is a long, laborious and costly process. Therefore, concrete rings are used much more often.
A sewer device may include a septic tank. It consists most often of 2 sections. They are interconnected. The first tank is a chamber with a sealed bottom. Sewage falls here, being divided over time into solid waste (settles down) and water (rises).
The second well does not have a sealed bottom. Protected water from the first tank gets into it. The second well has a flooring of crushed stone and sand at the bottom. Water seeps into the ground, pre-treated.
Expert Advice
Sewerage device requires deep knowledge from the master. It is necessary to create the scheme of internal and external networks correctly. The choice of materials depends on many factors. Experts say that if you have a large number of people living in a private house for a long time, it’s better to install a ready-made septic tank or sewage treatment plant. If the surrounding conditions allow for soil purification, a system with a filtration well should be installed .
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