Architecture and construction exist as long as human society develops. These industries are changing and experiencing falls and rises depending on stages and eras. The need for construction workers, such as designers, architects, technicians, surveyors, has been keenly felt right up until now. All of them work on the creation of linear, capital construction projects, consistently applying the norms and technical conditions for the construction of buildings. Design documentation for the construction of the facility provides cost-effective construction, lays the foundation for advanced methods in the calculations.
Regulation of the composition of project documents
What is included in the set of papers for project documentation is explained in the "Regulation on the composition of sections of project documentation and the requirements for their content."
Decree No. 87 was adopted in February 2008, almost all information on this issue is contained in the Town Planning Code, in the 48th article.
The customer provides the general designer in accordance with the order for the construction of the source data, which is the development of design documentation for the construction. The main data contains town-planning restrictions and conditions, includes the design assignment.
Scope of the Regulation
The terms and conditions of the existing document apply if design documentation for the construction of the facility is developed:
- Capital construction buildings of all kinds.
- On certain sections of construction, for example, partial reconstruction, capital and other types of repair of buildings and structures.
Types of objects covered by the Regulation
Paragraphs of design conditions apply to:
- Industrial buildings, they include all structures for production and defense structures, linear objects are not included in this list.
- Non-production buildings, this category includes socio-cultural, housing, domestic and communal construction projects.
- Linear structures, which include highways, railways, pipelines, power lines, gas pipelines.
Documentation Separation
In accordance with the provisions of the Regulation, documentation is divided into:
- design developments;
- working draft.
The concepts are not determined by the stages of preparation of project documents, they denote various packages of documents. The essence of the separation of the project process at the stage is that the necessary documents are not developed immediately, but in accordance with two stages.
The first stage "P"
The initial stage (stage "P") - the project is adopted in a general objective form without the use of detailed decisions. The type of structure is selected, its location, the constructive, planning and architectural solutions are determined, the construction method is laid down, the question of technological construction schemes is closed. At this stage, a summary estimate is made, a general description of the construction object is given.
The specified package of primary documentation is subject to a state examination procedure, where assessments and comments are made to eliminate deficiencies. After adjustment, the project is accepted or rejected by the customer.
The subsequent stage - "RP"
The second stage - "RP" - is to draw up a working draft, which includes detailed documentation. All common solutions are detailed. The main drawings adopted at stage "P" are deciphered in detail using detailed sections, sketches, explanations of the nodes. At this stage, in accordance with general calculations, local estimates and other detailed documentation are compiled. The documents of the working draft are transferred directly to the builders on the site, papers of stage “P” are not transferred to the executors.
The working documentation is used to implement innovative and economical technological solutions during the repair or construction process. The Regulation does not provide guidance on the sequence of development of working drawings and text comments, so the composition of the working documentation is determined based on customer requirements. The investor or builder decides which papers will be included in the working draft, depending on the necessary details of the decisions, this desire is indicated when the assignment for the execution of the drawings is issued, and project documentation is being developed and agreed upon.
The development of documentation in two stages has its own advantages, which consists in the fact that not all documentation is subject to alteration in the event of an unsuccessful solution, but only some of its parts. If the construction or reconstruction of the facility includes small volumes, then the two stages of design are combined into one common, when all issues are resolved immediately.
What is included in the final structure of design estimates?
It includes working and design documentation. This is the main difference from the design stages, when in the final version only the working draft remains. Documents are complementary to each other. The design documentation for the construction of an object of a capital group of a non-production or production category contains papers corresponding to twenty sections:
- Planning organization of construction work on the site.
- Accepted architectural options for construction.
- Explanatory note to the project of the house.
- Developed space-planning and structural solutions.
- Information about engineering networks, equipment, list of technical measures, substantiation of technological processes.
- Developed electrical wiring and supply system.
- Drawings of the water system.
- Scheme of sewage treatment device.
- The heating supply system, the location of the heating mains, the conditioning of the internal space.
- Location of communication system.
- Gas pipelines and appliances.
- Production technology that takes into account floor plans.
- PIC (construction organization project).
- Description of measures for dismantling the existing buildings of the capital group.
- List of valid environmental protection measures.
- The list of actions to ensure fire safety.
- Structural elements of the building to facilitate the movement of disabled people.
- List of measures to comply with energy feasibility and supply buildings with meters for used resources.
- Estimates are general and the corresponding local construction sites.
- Other documentation in special cases.
Initial Design Data
The representative of the general design department and the customer or developer determine the class of the facility being built and the complexity, depending on these data, the number of design stages is established. The duration of the construction depends on the type, complexity of construction, technological and technical solutions, provided labor resources and mechanisms used.
The initial data includes the restrictions and technical conditions provided for by the Town Planning Code, the task for construction according to the requirements of the customer, its main indicators and parameters, the cost of construction. The design and construction task is drawn up and approved by the agreement of the investor, customer and developer and the representative of the general design department.
The design documentation for the construction of the facility contains a task drawn up taking into account building codes and rules reflected in SNiP. For the correct conclusion of contracts, general conditions for their conclusion have been developed. The cost of construction is calculated on the basis of state norms and standards. The name of the construction object contains information about the type of work (reconstruction, repair, construction) and the address location.
This data does not change at all stages of design, the working draft contains the same name.
The number of design stages depending on the complexity of the object
The complexity of the construction affects the choice of the number of design stages:
- For buildings of the first and second complexity groups, design takes place in one stage, called the working draft "RP".
- The construction of the non-production sphere requires the development of the preliminary design of the EP, the production and linear facilities are presented in the technical and economic calculation of the TEP, for both groups the final stage of the RP is required.
- For objects assigned to the third category of complexity, the project is developed in two stages - the project "P" and the working documentation "P".
- Three stages are provided for buildings of the fourth and fifth complexity groups, the first includes the stage of "EP" or "TEO" depending on the purpose of the building, then the stages "P" and "P".
After the stages of “EP”, “TEP”, “TEO” and “P” are approved and approved, they become the basis for the development of subsequent design stages. Sometimes, according to the decision of the investor, the stages can change places, and first the development of stage “P” follows.
The general designer, together with the customer, has the right to change the number of stages by means of an agreed solution. For the development of individual sections of the estimated and design documents, contractors who have a certificate for their activities, or in some cases employees without such a certificate, are involved. Both of them put their signatures under the relevant sections of the project, they certify an explanatory note, a sample of which contains explanatory information. The title page is stamped.
Materials of all developed stages are transferred to the investor or developer by the general designer in the form of paper media, their number is four copies. If subprojectors are involved in the project, the number of copies increases to five.
A set of working drawings, according to which it is supposed to carry out work directly at the construction site and to erect several identical buildings, is transmitted in four copies to only one object, and the rest is intended for two sets. If the buildings are different, then four copies are issued for each building.
Engineering and technical calculations, economic, environmental justifications that should not be included in the project package, engineering surveys and surveys data are stored by the general designer and are subject to temporary use upon request of the developer. For this, a contract is concluded containing the terms of the contract.
Engineering Survey Tasks
Engineering survey data are obtained as a result of a special type of work performed before the start of designing any object in order to study the geological conditions at the site of the proposed construction and nearby territories. The properties of the soil, the moisture content and the depth of its passage are studied, a section of the soil is made, adverse events are revealed.
After conducting research, a technical conclusion is made about the suitability of the soil in this area for the planned construction. For engineering and geological surveys, an agreement is concluded between the customer and the specialized organization to determine the suitability of the soil. The presence of a certificate makes it possible to give a reasonable conclusion on the properties of the soil.
The basis of the survey is the legal and regulatory framework, the contractor receives the terms of reference for the work, which transfers the topographic plan of the area for future construction, permission to erect a building, a land allocation plan and a house construction plan. Engineering work includes:
- geological and technogenic control;
- checking the bearing capacity of the soil for the construction of foundations and foundations;
- assessment of the possibility of a critical occurrence of technological disasters, landslides, earthquakes;
- written justification of the work to protect hazardous areas;
- explores the components of the environment;
- hydrogeological geodetic, geological, cadastral surveys are carried out as part of the further construction, use or dismantling of structures.
Engineering surveys are carried out both in the field and in the laboratory, with the goal of a comprehensive study of the conditions for construction. As a result of this, information appears after the processed study data. Estimating in construction involves laying about 5-15% of the cost of work for engineering surveys.
Explanatory note: sample fill
The architectural part includes a description of the location of the construction object relative to large settlements, the size of the plot, its shape and orientation to the cardinal points, neighboring streets are indicated. The relief is described, the temperature of the coldest and hottest month is indicated. The amount of precipitation, snow load, prevailing wind direction, soil freezing depth, vegetation are written.
The next section - the general plan - describes the site plan, the environment surrounding it with natural plantings, compliance with hygiene and sanitary standards, the distance from the road and the neighboring building, and the location of the entrance. The wind rose is shown on the map. Be sure to indicate all the functional areas of the site, such as roads, a courtyard, a joint recreation area, gazebos, paved areas, architectural elements, etc. Regular garden plantings are indicated, existing trees and shrubs are marked.
The description of the house begins with a number of storeys, a description of the roof, the material of the walls and other enclosing structures, the type of frame, vertical and horizontal connections, stairs, and a planning solution is given. A specification of the premises is being developed on all projected floors, indicating the area of the rooms. Indicate the number of entrances and exits of the building, emergency evacuation methods, fire openings.
A description of the interior decoration for all residential, utility and utility rooms with an indication of wall, ceiling and flooring is provided. Mandatory attention is focused on filling the window and doorways.
The external finish characterizes not only the final material, but also the insulation layer, the frame for its fastening, attention is paid to the finish of the base.
The structural part contains a description of the frame-volume solution, due to which elements the stiffness and joint work of the elements are ensured, the material of the supporting elements and columns is indicated.
In the description of the foundation, the laying depth for various sections, the material of the base body, reinforcing filling are indicated. The material of the external and internal walls, roofs, floors, and ceilings is described.
At the end of the explanatory note, the engineering communications device of all types is prescribed, the material of pipes, adapters is indicated, the name of the mains and the preferred location are given.
In conclusion, it should be said that many customers and developers of private houses save money and order a project with the development of an incomplete list of drawings and calculations. In this area of work, the savings are obvious, but subsequent stages, in particular the work of builders at the site, will become a real problem. The contractor will ask the owner of the site questions to which the developer will have to independently search for an answer or order additional drawings a second time.