Information on the types of scientific research methods is currently relevant not only for those who work in the field of theoretical science. Often, the methods developed for conducting research are used by teachers, trainers, and specialists from various institutions, who often have to deal with other people at work and pass on the accumulated knowledge to them. It is no secret that a creative attitude to any task at hand always increases the likelihood of a successful solution to the problem, and yet knowledge of the types and results of scientific research allows you not only to rely on your natural talents, but also on the experience gained by other people.
Research: what are they?
Arguing the accuracy of solving a certain question, a person will give more weight to his words, the better he can explain how he came to the answer. This means that the correct manipulation of the known types of activities of scientific research allows you to achieve your goal, at the same time creating in the eyes of others an image of not only a person who can solve a problem, but also knows how to work on it using the most effective approaches.
Speaking about the types of research, the following types are distinguished:
- methodical;
- scientific methodological;
- scientific research.
Science is not easy
Scientificness is a parameter for compliance with which it is necessary to check not the research as such, but the work. Put forward a number of requirements; if the process of working on a study corresponds to them, we can talk about the scientificness of the work done. So, considering the concept of science and types of scientific research, one cannot but admit that pedagogical experience and its generalization are also scientific detail. At the same time, it is taken into account that methodological work and scientific methodological work are primarily the specifics of what has been done, which allows us to say that the purpose of the study was to primarily find answers to questions related to the methodology (for example, education, training).
At the same time, it is important to consider that the methodological work involves the novelty and application of the methodologies specific to this work. But for the scientific methodological, this condition will no longer be mandatory. By example, the classification of types of scientific research can be illustrated as follows: suppose a study of pedagogical work is carried out. If at the same time the researcher simply gets acquainted with the experience of specialists, summarizes it and analyzes it, then this is a methodological work. But the generalization, coupled with the search for patterns, which allows us to establish something new, and then confirm this in the course of a correctly set experiment, is already classified as a scientific and methodological type of scientific and practical research.
Terminology is important!
When considering types of scientific research, it is important to formulate what can be called such a study. As can be seen from the theoretical basis, the term is applied to the research process, accompanied by experimentation. Moreover, the theory is conceptualized and verified, which leads to an increase in the volume of scientific knowledge of society.
Scientific research can be fundamental, that is, aimed at obtaining information, the real areas of application of which are still (quite possibly) not possible, as well as applied, that is, those that have as their goal the production of information that allows one to achieve a predetermined goal. A similar study is aimed at solving a specific problem. Also, the main types of research include exploratory research and development. The first involves assessing the level of prospects of the selected topic, coupled with the search for solutions to the problem, and the second term is applied to such a study that allows you to put into practice one or another work from the previously described categories of applied, fundamental.
And if more?
If we consider the main types of scientific research more carefully, we will have to pay attention, in particular, to such a fact: cognition of reality is possible primarily through basic research, at the same time, this method involves not taking into account the possibility of applying the acquired knowledge in practice. But applied - this is such an option, which, on the contrary, should be applied as part of the solution of the problem posed to the researchers in order to achieve its positive solution.
Monodisciplinary types of scientific research, stages of scientific research differ in strictly defined boundaries: you can only resort to what is available in the framework of a particular science. But interdisciplinary ones are those that allow specialists from different fields to combine their efforts to find the best answer. As practice shows, the most complex types of objects of scientific research require the joint work of representatives of different disciplines, only in this case you can count on success. A good example is genetics, since the types of goals of a scientific research inherent in it can be achieved only by combining the efforts of different specialists. Another good example is psychophysiology, ethnopsychology, sociology.
It's all?
Considering scientific research, types of scientific research, their characteristics, attention also needs to be paid to two more important categories: complex and one-factor. The first term implies such an option for studying a selected field when the researcher applies a pre-selected system of methods of cognition. This allows, if possible, to widely cover the studied area, using as many parameters as it is, in principle, possible and reasonable. At the same time, it is important to maintain a balance between the maximum permissible and optimal, otherwise the created system will prove to be too complicated even for a group of specialists, and it will simply not be possible to achieve really useful results.
Univariate research, types of research, their characteristics are due to the peculiarity of the analytical approach inherent in this method. It is assumed that the researcher sets himself the task of identifying one aspect of reality and exerts all his efforts to achieve his plan. At the same time, the researcher himself has the right to choose which particular aspect is most important for him, and in an effort to comprehend the chosen area for him. However, it must be recognized that all of the above groups are disputed by certain representatives of the scientific community. Despite the rather extensive base on theorization of science and on applicable terminology, the discrepancies are quite significant both between representatives of different disciplines, and within the same direction.
Subjects of scientific activity
When considering types of scientific and pedagogical research (as well as other categories), it is always important to pay attention not only to the process itself, but also to the subject located at its center. Moreover, in the philosophy of science, the term “subject” can be applied to one of several categories of persons:
- discovery scientist;
- community of knowledge scientists;
- humanity, formed by numerous nationalities, each of which produces information, ideas, culture.
Subject: Important Features
Considering the subjects of different types of scientific and pedagogical research (and not only), it should be noted that they are characterized by the presence of training in the chosen field of activity. As a rule, these are persons with a stock of information applicable during the course of the study. The subject can successfully absorb the information generated during the study and successfully apply the method of extracting new knowledge as productively as possible. In this case, the production technique and the result of the process become its property. The subject of scientific activity is based on the values, worldview, ethics inherent in him, and is also guided by the goals set at the beginning of the work and characteristic of his chosen field. In addition, the subject always belongs to his era, which gives him a number of specific attributes.
The object of cognition is not only epistemological, but alive - it is a person with a character, having unique characteristics of temperament, will and character. She has interests, she has passions. At the same time, many are trying to apply the term “subject of consciousness” to a certain logical object, active from the point of view of intelligence. The subject and scientific activity practiced by him are adequately perceived when taking into account the features of the era and the terrain in which the person (community) exists. Scientific knowledge is not only the conscious perception by the subject of a chosen object, it is also the perception of his work, himself. The subject of scientific research necessarily thinks about the applied techniques, methods, traditions.
Subjects and types of scientific research
It so happened that at different stages of scientific development, the subjects were quite different from each other, on the basis of which three groups were distinguished - classic, non-classical, post-non-classical. Classical science is associated with the type of "epistemological Robinson", which does not have social, cultural ties, specific characteristics and features. Such a subject independently learns the object in its pure form, possibly limiting extraneous influence. Classical science is characterized by objective knowledge, raised in the form of absolutism.
Non-classical science as a type of scientific research suggests that absolute knowledge does not exist. Any information is relative, since it is subjectively perceived by the researcher, and in addition, it is used to solve a specific problem, which means it is instrumental. In this case, the subject of knowledge is an active being interested in knowledge, able to study different sides of the selected object. Moreover, the subject to some extent creates the object. As a subject in a non-classical form of scientific research, a team of researchers usually acts.
Postclassical Science
In the framework of this type of approach to scientific research, the subject is the same person as in the framework of non-classical science, although there are some specific features. In recent years, there have been active processes of globalization of scientific activity, which leaves a significant imprint on the subject of activity. At the same time, the subject ceases to belong to a specific nation, it is customary to refer it to an international scientific ethnos - such a term was proposed by the researcher Merton. The main task of the subject is the issues facing modern society.
Cognition is important!
The reality around a person is a complex system with numerous elements, the relationships between them. The knowledge of such a system, including the relationships, relationships, adjustments, progress present in it, is the problem facing science. First, a person forms a holistic picture of the object in question, having a small amount of information about the internal structure, and eventually reveals the essence. Thus, scientific knowledge involves specifying the object in question to form a correct representation.
Cognition allows you to discover step by step the important internal features of the studied object, the specifics of the interaction of the elements of the studied system with each other. At the same time, scientific knowledge is possible only when the task is divided into parts - in practice or figuratively, each of the parts is studied separately, formulating properties, signs, relationships, relationships. This allows you to determine what role this or that element plays in the whole system. After solving the primary cognitive task, they begin to combine the information received into a single whole. Based on the results, a specific view is formed, based on accurate data on the internal structure of the studied object. Analysis, synthesis - two quite actively used methods of scientific knowledge, allowing to cope with a similar task.
Analysis, synthesis
These are universal techniques with the opposite direction, through which cognition is realized. By analysis, it is customary to refer to such a form of mastering information, during which an object from a single whole is divided into components, relationships, features for subsequent careful, detailed research. Synthesis is such a thought process in which previously selected elements are collected back into a single whole, which allows you to form a common understanding of the object in question.
Analysis, synthesis is usually divided into four groups: natural, practical, mental, meta-analysis (metasynthesis). Natural analysis assumes that an object is divided into elements, and synthesis is a union in the process of forming a new object. In this case, only options that reflect the real possible natural processes are taken into account. Practical analysis is the isolation of components, synthesis is the reduction into a whole. This takes into account the possibilities known from practice, despite the impossibility of implementing such in nature. Mental analysis involves the allocation of such an entity, which in practice and in a natural way from the object to isolate is not possible. Synthesis, on the contrary, combines the divided into the whole, despite the contradiction of natural laws. Finally, meta-analysis, synthesis is such a processing of information that involves the study of the world as a whole, and not an objective subject.
Is it possible?
The described operations are real in the first place due to the fact that material objects have a structure, which means that their elements can potentially be grouped in different ways. This makes it possible to unite, disconnect elements in a way that is convenient and beneficial for the researcher. Analysis, synthesis - the simplest, easiest, most understandable scientific techniques that allow you to know the area under study. In fact, it is precisely on them that a person’s ability to think is based.
Synthesis, analysis is also the most universal methods inherent in all forms, levels of knowledge. A number of scientists believe that these two methods are autonomous cognitive processes inherent in human thinking. The dominant point of view says that synthesis, analysis is the activity of a person who is able to think, not opposite to each other, but united, expressed in two ways.
Some features
Mental analysis is a specialized mechanism in which an object is put into new relationships with other objects, enters into a relationship with them, which leads to a knowledge of the qualities, properties, properties of the object being studied. Analysis is not just the separation of an integral phenomenon into elements, but the transformation of an object. At the same time, synthesis becomes not just a combination of individual elements into a certain structural object, but a recreation of properties, for which specific manifestations of the studied object are analyzed.
Analytical and synthetic suggest division, based both on the isolation of the processes of synthesis, analysis, and on the features of thought processes, forms. Scientific research involves an empirical approach, within which external features are studied, as well as theoretical, which allows to reveal the essence of the phenomenon under study. Synthesis, analysis at present - these are techniques that are closely related to a number of common operations that allow you to know the object. Most often resort to abstraction, deductive, inductive methods of cognition, to generalization.
Reality away!
Of course, a real scientific approach does not offer to abandon reality at all, but to some extent the abstraction has precisely this goal: the term describes the thought process, during which some features of the phenomenon are discarded, and attention is focused only on those relationships, qualities that attract the researcher solving the task before him.
Abstracting activity allows you to create abstractions, which include categories, concepts, complex systems. – , ( ) , , , .
Everything is interconnected
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