Residential buildings, the design standards of which will be described later, are of different volumetric, spatial, planning structure and number of storeys. Between them and the environment can form a connection of a different nature. The correct definition of the number of storeys of buildings, space-planning structure is important both architecturally and economically.
Competent construction and design of residential buildings provides a solution to socially significant problems. Due to this, proper conditions are created for the life of people.
Storey selection
The design of multi-apartment residential buildings is carried out taking into account, first of all, economic factors. These, in particular, include the need for elevators, garbage chutes and other elements. They significantly increase the cost of designing a residential building and its construction. Buildings up to 5 floors, and in the northern and southern regions - up to four, are not equipped with elevators. In such buildings, walls, foundations, coatings are used rationally. 4-5-story buildings are erected mainly in medium, small, partially large cities, the population in which is no more than 250 thousand, as well as in villages for 10 or more thousand people. This ensures the rational use of the territory, utilities, transport.
Stages of designing a residential building
Creating a construction plan includes:
- Predesign stage. It, in turn, consists of two stages: collecting information and methodological processing of information.
- Sketch stage. During it, a solution is sought. The sketch phase is considered the central link in the design. At this stage, the main idea is formulated.
- Creative development. This stage is, in fact, design. It can take quite a long time. During development, the main task is to achieve internal consistency, the interconnection of all aspects of the architectural solution. The required parameters of the structure contains the task for the design of a residential building .
Working process
Residential building design begins with a spatial interpretation of the functional drawing. In the process, all rooms should be divided into specific groups. Their horizontal and vertical placement is determined by the functional relationships established between them. The grouping scheme, the construction plan, the distribution scheme of the premises are made in accordance with the type of building. The most important and large premises should form the core of the composition. The planning scheme is drawn in one line. Then they build it on the allocation of the composite core and structural nodes. After fulfilling the functional requirements, a three-dimensional structure of the structure is formed.
General Plan Requirements: Key Points
The design of mid-rise residential buildings is carried out in accordance with the features of the site in the functional structure of rural, urban and other settlements. The types of the latter are defined in the Group of Companies (Article 5). When deciding the general plan, it is necessary to distinguish between territories - favorable, unacceptable for development and areas on which special events are necessary, according to the instructions of SNiP.
Mandatory events
Designing of residential buildings is carried out subject to the requirements for:
- Nature conservation.
- Protect the area from exhaust gases and noise of highways, radiation of a different nature.
Comprehensive work to ensure the protection and improvement of the environment from the negative impact associated with the implementation of economic and other activities must be provided for in accordance with regulatory enactments regulating environmental safety.
Parameters
When designing residential buildings, contractors must provide hydrants to provide fire fighting. The distance between the long parts of the four-story buildings should be at least 20 m, between them and the ends of the buildings with windows - at least 10 m.The indicated intervals can be reduced if the standards of illumination and insolation are observed, as well as if the rooms are not visible from one window to another. Facilities with apartments on the ground floor must be indented from the red line. Along it is allowed to place buildings with built-in or attached public areas. The recommended ceiling height is 2.8 m.
Entry group
The design of residential buildings provides for the inclusion in the plan:
- Tamburov. They can be double or single, depending on climatic conditions.
- Lobby area.
- The premises for the duty on the porch.
When planning the entrance group, it is necessary to provide for freedom of access to housing for people with limited mobility in accordance with the requirements prescribed in SNiP 35-01.
Lobby
These rooms in apartment buildings, in addition to blocked ones, are divided into built-in / attached, placed separately or on a partially undeveloped ground floor. The layout of the lobby may vary. In practice, placement options are used with respect to the node of vertically running communications in a structural-planning cell adjacent to the staircase-elevator system or opposite to it.
Duty room
It must be placed so that it can be used to observe the entrance door from the vestibule to the lobby. If the latter is not provided for in the structure, then an overview of the walkways to the stairs should be provided. For outdoor surveillance , a video system can be installed. In the premises, it is necessary to provide communication with the dispatch service, and if there is a corresponding instruction in the task, with apartments.
Subscriber Cabinets
In apartment buildings, in addition to blocked ones, it is recommended to place mailboxes in the lobby (in the absence of an elevator) on the intermediate or main staircase on the ground floor and in the passage to the steps. When installing cabinets, their dimensions must be taken into account. They are hung on the walls or installed in special niches at a height of at least 60 cm from the floor. It is not recommended to mount cabinets on the surface adjacent to the apartments.
Pantries
On the basement, first or basement, non-apartment utility rooms can be provided. Their number is determined by the design task. Corridors are provided in front of the pantries, the width of which is at least 1.1 m. The premises themselves must have a fire protection system.
Apartment
It is considered the main element of a residential building. The apartment may provide premises for various purposes. They can be residential, open, utility. Each apartment provides for utility networks. When designing the power supply of a residential building, it is necessary to determine the entry points of the wiring in each room. As part of the social purpose apartments are allowed, and in other types of objects the arrangement of open spaces is recommended. These include, in particular, terraces, verandas, balconies, loggias, etc.
The apartment must meet the needs of a particular person and satisfy the needs of the family as a whole. This fact determines the duality of the requirements for such premises. Apartments must be isolated from each other, but separately must form a single space.
The rooms
They are intended for the direct residence of people. The rooms are considered the main part of the apartment. They are divided into types, depending on the purpose. So, rooms are used for family-wide activities. These are personal spaces (bedrooms, cabinets). In addition, dining rooms, living rooms, games rooms, etc. can be provided.
Design of private residential houses and cottages
Before you start sketching a future structure, you need to determine its purpose. The house can be for permanent residence or used only at certain times of the year. In addition, the number of people who will be in it matters. The project should calculate the number of rooms for family members and guests. At the preparatory stage, you also need to determine whether other buildings will be present on the site.
Architectural solution
When designing the project, the contractor draws the location of all the rooms with an indication of their dimensions, thinks up additional rooms, marks the areas where the doors and windows will be located. When designing an architectural solution, it is necessary to determine the material from which structural elements will be made. Drawings can be made on paper or a computer using special programs.
Constructive measures
When drawing up the project, it is necessary to calculate all the elements of the structure. It is important to accurately determine the type of foundation and its level of penetration. It is necessary to calculate the thickness of the walls, choose interfloor ceilings, correctly position the rafters, provide for a chimney. As a result, a set of drawings with plans of structural elements is formed. In this case, explanatory notes are compiled for each scheme. They indicate the necessary materials, their consumption is calculated.
Engineering communications
They must be given special attention when designing. The engineering communications plan is one of the most important sections of the documentation. Without it, a quality building cannot be built. In the engineering plan, water supply, ventilation, sewage, heating, and energy supply systems are calculated. It must include all stages of the production of communications. The design indicates the power of the entire building, describes the wiring diagram, grounding system. In a separate section is a drawing of a security alarm.
Conclusion
The residential construction project includes the following parts:
- An album with diagrams and specifications.
- Explanatory notes.
- Estimate.
The graphic section contains master and situational plans, floor plans with furniture, facades, and a section of the building. A project is a complex and expensive part of construction, the cost of which can be from 1 to 10% of the cost of construction works.