A mandatory structural element of any house or structure is the overlap. This component of the building frame is assigned both bearing loads and the function of dividing floors. Actually, due to the overlap, the formation of a multi-story building or the separation of the main space of the building and the attic is ensured. Builders use different materials to get flooring suitable for specific tasks. Types of ceilings also vary in type of purpose, design, and other operational parameters. To determine the design that best meets the requirements of the project, it is necessary to know the characteristics of existing types of floors, as well as the requirements for power loads of this element.
Intended classification
When choosing the type of overlap, you should first of all start from its future use. As a rule, experts identify three areas of use of such elements.
- Basement This group includes types of floors of the house, which provide separation of premises in the lower part of the building. In this case, the structure is used, for example, to separate the first floor from the basement.
- Interfloor area. The most common option, in which the overlap is arranged between floors.
- Attic. Separation of the attic or attic and living room is provided.
In each case, the overlapping overlap their own functional tasks, which may depend on the location of the structure, and on the materials from which other elements of the building are made. Based on these parameters, specific types of ceilings are selected that can endow the "skeleton" of a house with strength and durability. For example, in a private wooden cottage, a lighter floor system can be used to equip the attic, and in a multi-story brick building you can not do without high-strength reinforced concrete structures.
Monolithic overlappings
One of the most difficult to perform ceilings, which also provides the highest strength to the building. Such structures are created on the basis of reinforced concrete according to the filling technology. First of all, formwork is formed, for which reinforcing bars corresponding to design requirements are pre-selected. Next, a concrete base is poured, the thickness of which can vary from 8 to 14 cm. The main advantage that almost all types of monolithic floors have is the possibility of endowing the future design with any shape. This applies to traditional versions of reinforced concrete floors, and to monolithic-prefabricated systems, which, however, have some limitations.
Varieties of reinforced concrete floors
Due to their technical qualities and operational characteristics, reinforced concrete structures are quite popular in construction. Their prevalence is facilitated by a simple, albeit time-consuming, manufacturing technique. Considering the types of reinforced concrete floors, it is immediately worth noting that they are all divided into factory products and made directly on the construction site.
Ready-made floors are more often used in the construction of cottages. Since reinforced concrete as such has a fairly significant mass, without the use of truck cranes, its installation is simply impossible. For this reason, it is recommended to mount directly from the wheels. That is, special equipment delivers the plates and sets them in place. If you choose a method for the independent manufacture of such plates, you should take care of the workplace (solid metal or plank surface) and consumables, which usually also have a factory origin.
Modern slabs of the “filigree” type also include reinforced concrete floors in their group. The types of floors of this family are distinguished by the presence in the structure of metal factory plates, the thickness of which does not exceed 6 cm. The base of reinforcing bars is integrated into the prepared formwork, after which it is poured with concrete mixture.
Frequently ribbed floors
This option is often used in the construction of small private houses. The construction of the often-ribbed ceiling is based on beams and hollow blocks, which fill a free space between the frame elements. The most common prefabricated types of ceilings, the installation of which is to install elements on a previously prepared site and create a concrete screed. Among the advantages of the often-ribbed models, their refractory properties, rather high reliability, noise absorption, and the ability to install without the use of special equipment are distinguished.
It should be noted that overlapping made of precast concrete slabs have similar qualities. Their installation usually does not cause any particular difficulties, but in some cases the involvement of trucks and cranes is still required.
Beam ceilings
Commonly used wooden beams. With their help create overlap in brick and wooden structures. The design is a basis of laid beams and a plank floor, which will later be used for decorative coating. Traditional types of wooden floors provide a scheme for the formation of joints between boards by means of grooves. The beams used can have the following dimensions: 10-20 cm in width, up to 40 cm in height and up to 15 cm in length.
Despite the fact that the structure is made of wood, the step between the carriers can reach 150 cm. A system of beams that is flexible in terms of construction allows you to lay noise-insulating material in it . Wooden floors are also convenient in decorative design. On the upper side, almost any coating can be laid on them, and on the bottom, a suspended ceiling can be installed.
Types of beams
For wooden floors, two types of beams can be used. These are elements from solid wood or glued products. In the production of the former, hard varieties of trees are usually used. It is important to consider that in interfloor systems, integral elements can only be used if the length of the room is not more than 5 m. Glued types of floor beams give the possibility of wider application, since the technology of their manufacture gives the material higher strength.
In addition, glued beams can be produced with a length exceeding any analogues from solid wood. In practice, elements of this type are able to withstand heavy loads and cover spans of up to 20 m in length. It is important to note the aesthetic appearance of glued beams, due to which there is no need for their special processing after installation.
Floor slabs
To provide an interfloor partition, this is an ideal option - the main thing is to decide on the choice of a specific type of structure. Currently, the following types of floor slabs are suitable for various construction purposes.
- Ribbed. Thanks to the unique profile, they cope well with bending loads. Commonly used in arranging attics and basements.
- Hollow. The advantages of such ceilings include high heat and sound insulation, as well as low weight, which allows them to be used in buildings for various purposes.
- Monolithic. They have the greatest strength, which determined their main direction of use - in high-rise buildings.
- Solid. Due to the high bearing capacity, such overlappings are successfully used in the construction of industrial facilities.
Overlapping Klein
This type of flooring is not as common in Russia as the same monolithic reinforced concrete slabs, but before its representatives were popular among developers, and today there are many adherents of this technology. Kane's design can be included in the types of floors of buildings based on beams. Only in this case, not wooden, but steel I-beams are used, the height of which can be from 8 to 24 cm. Beams are laid at a distance from each other of up to about 160 cm. On the lower tier, it is planned to create a support for the slab formed by ceramic brick. The plate is also reinforced with metal strips or rods, the thickness of which varies from 0.6 to 0.8 cm. If necessary, the bearing potential of such a structure is increased by strengthening brick filling or I-beams.
Installation of monolithic overlap
Ready-made floorings based on reinforced concrete products have the form of a solid plate up to 15 cm thick. The same metal beams act as load-bearing components of the structure : channel elements or I-beams. With their help, it is possible to cover spans with great distances - even in them high strength will be provided, as well as protection against fire and rotting processes, which almost all concrete floors have. The types of ceilings on a wooden base in this lose out to reinforced concrete analogues, although they serve for quite a while with proper processing.
On the entire perimeter of the site for the overlap, it is necessary to arrange a wooden formwork. She will later act as a kind of "bottom" of the design. Formwork is made of plywood sheets, which are placed under racks, tripods, iron and wooden beams. On a metal base, it is necessary to lay a reinforced frame, in which rods were used, with an approximate thickness of 1 cm. Then, the prepared structure must be poured with concrete. It is preferable to use the brand M200. An overlap made in this way will be distinguished by a high degree of strength and durability.
Installation of precast monolithic floors
The prefabricated monolithic structure is formed by the types of floor slabs and reinforced concrete beams corresponding to the characteristics . For the device of such overlapping, it is necessary to lay a plank covering on the span, which will fulfill the function of a supporting structure for beams. Installation is carried out on the walls, while between the beams it is necessary to lay hollow blocks. Next, the created frame is reinforced and poured with cement mortar. Concrete milk will begin to impregnate the pores of the blocks and form a solid structure of hollow elements and metal beams. Such ceilings meet modern standards in accordance with which houses are being built. In particular, they provide strength, sound insulation and durability, while remaining an inexpensive way to overlap.
Repair and reinforcement of the floor
In this case, repair operations mean the replacement or strengthening of individual fragments of the floor. The types of floors based on beams are most located to the possibilities of technical strengthening of the structure. Work begins with the installation of racks, which later act as supports. Strengthening wooden floors usually involves the replacement of beams with analogues with a large cross section or an increase in their number. The need for repair of reinforced concrete structures, as a rule, arises due to the appearance of traces of rust. Concrete is beaten around the affected areas, after which the exposed reinforcement is painted with anti-corrosion coatings. Then follows the restoration of the previous state of the overlap.