An object is not only housing and other real estate. Stones and flowers, animals and birds, people and trees, various processes and household appliances, natural and other phenomena - all this can be considered as objects.
How to distinguish one object from another
Animate and inanimate, with an unstable or static form - any objects have their own name. In addition to the name or title, there are such concepts as state and behavior, properties and actions that make it possible to distinguish between objects. All of these qualities are called features. Thus, an object is something or someone who has certain attributes that are unique to him alone. Any object consists of several smaller parts or objects that can be described and listed.
What is real estate
Real estate is called construction projects with different functional purpose. Real estate objects are property, goods, inextricably linked with the land on which it is located. For any type of real estate ownership there are three possible classifications.
- The first type includes primary and secondary housing, which is divided into subcategories:
- primary - this is housing in business, luxury, social and economy classes;
- secondary - these are houses of the old Soviet and pre-Soviet construction.
- The second type classifies real estate according to the following criteria:
- for its intended purpose: office, shop buildings and premises, suburban possessions and land, industrial and warehouse premises, land for construction, rooms and apartments;
- by origin: larger objects, complexes of administrative, residential and other structures, apartment buildings, mansions and cottages, cottages and land ownership;
- readiness for operation: implies incompleteness or readiness of facilities for operation, the need for reconstruction or major repairs.
- This classification divides real estate into residential and non-residential. A residential property is an urban or suburban property suitable for living. Non -residential funds include industrial, office and commercial buildings.
Classification of real estate in the European market
The Western real estate market operates in three categories:
- a specialized facility is a factory building or warehouse of a large area, which are sold simultaneously with the business;
- objects used to generate income (renting an apartment);
- excess real estate - buildings that are not currently in use.
Analysis and study of various classifications of property by signs and criteria increases the objectivity of the attitude to the development processes of the real estate market.
About engineering developments and design documents
The construction of real estate requires specific engineering knowledge not only about the production processes, but also about the preparation of the necessary project documents. For the reconstruction, overhaul or construction of new facilities, engineering surveys are required. Such work is performed to obtain the following information:
- about the natural properties and features of the territory under construction;
- about forecasts and factors of possible impacts on the environment, especially if it is planned to build hazardous facilities;
- calculations necessary for construction of all structures and buildings, foundations and structures;
- designing engineering measures to protect the main facilities of the enterprise and surrounding landscapes.
What objects are classified as dangerous
A unique building object is called a structure with the following characteristics:
- height from 100 and more meters;
- spans longer than 100 m;
- underground part dug 10 m and deeper;
- console height of more than 20 meters.
The most dangerous and complex are hydraulic and railway structures, objects related to space research and aviation infrastructure. Metro, large sea and river ports, communication and power lines, industrial production for the receipt, storage and processing of hazardous substances are also included in this list.
For manufacturing enterprises, there is a classification according to the degree of danger, consisting of four classes. 1st degree is used for enterprises involved in the production and destruction of chemical weapons. For industries associated with drilling and oil production, the 2nd, 3rd or 4th degree of hazard class is established depending on the percentage of hydrogen sulfide emissions.
Enterprises using funiculars, various cable cars and escalators are installed 3rd and 4th hazard classes.
Metal-smelting and mining industries, elevators and other granaries - all these dangerous enterprises need special conditions, protection of labor and the environment.